A vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to an adenoviral vector capable of encoding a virus-like particle (VLP), said VLP displaying an inactive immune-suppressive domain (ISD). The vaccine of the invention shows an improved immune response from either of both of the response pathways initiated by CD4 T cells or CD8 T cells.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosure relates to a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease. Notably, the disease may be derived from an endogenous retrovirus, i.e. such as cancer. The vaccine of the invention relates in particular to viruses capable of forming virus-like particles in eukaryotic cells. In a certain embodiment of the invention virus encoded virus-like particles (VE-VLP) are produced in the patient's body in order to develop an immunogenic response to an endogenous retrovirus.

BACKGROUND

More than a century ago the observation has been made that the development of cancer is closely connected to the immune system and today it is well-established that the immune system protects against emerging cancers on a regular basis. On the other hand, malignant cells develop strategies to escape the immune surveillance and unfold their deadly potential.

Although immune cells are able to detect and kill tumor cells, this system is not always functional, as evident from the almost 9 million annual deaths worldwide due to cancer. Vaccination approaches to induce specific immune responses against tumor cells is a relatively old topic in cancer immunotherapies but is still under development and just recently started to yield relevant results. One vaccination strategy involve the vaccination with attenuated tumor cells, e.g, irradiated autologous tumors or allogeneic tumor cell lines, often secreting the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In both cases the injected material encompasses cancer-antigens that are likely present in the actual tumor. Other vaccination strategies include the administration of peptides or proteins to induce specific immune responses. These antigens are either injected directly in combination with an adjuvant, or are encoded by DNA plasmids or viral vectors.

Although immunotherapy approaches are constantly improving, broadly acting and highly efficient vaccines are still missing. A particular reason for this is the previously described immunosuppression by tumor cells.

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are the evidence of ancient infections with retroviruses in distant ancestors. Upon infection, viral RNA was reverse transcribed into proviral DNA, which was integrated into the host genome. Eventually, the provirus was integrated into cells of the germ line and became inheritable, giving rise to endogenous retroviruses. Over millions of years the viral DNA was passed down generations and became fixed in the populations. Today, every human genome consists of about 8% endogenous retroviral DNA, but these are just relics of the former retrovirus. Due to mutations, deletions and insertions most of the retroviral genes became inactivated or got completely lost from the genome. Today, no functional, full-length endogenous retrovirus is present in humans anymore. However, ERVs underwent duplication processes leading to the integration of several copies into the host genome with distinct functional proteins. Thus, in some cases the multitude of homologous ERVs has still the potential to produce viral particles. The human ERV type K (HERV-K, HML2) is one of the most recently acquired ERVs in the human genome and members of this family remained full-length open reading-frames for almost all viral proteins.

Different studies have highlighted a connection between ERV expression and the development and progression of cancer. The detection of ERVs in human tumors opened a new field in anticancer therapies with the prospect of new vaccination strategies. A prominent example for a human ERV (HERV) is HERV type K (HERV-K) that is associated with prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lymphomas, melanomas, leukemia and sarcomas. Further examples are HERV-H expressed in colorectal cancer and Syncytin-1 in testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lymphomas and leukemia.

It is not always easy to determine whether the expression of ERV proteins is a cause or a consequence of the developing tumor. Nevertheless, it is known that conditions within the cancer cell enable expression of ERVs. The general state of hypomethylation in tumor cells promotes activation of ERV genes that are usually silenced in healthy cells by DNA methylation (Downey, R. F., et al., Human endogenous retrovirus K and cancer: Innocent bystander or tumorigenic accomplice? Int J Cancer, 2015. 137(6): p. 1249-57. and Gimenez, J., et al., Custom human endogenous retroviruses dedicated microarray identifies self-induced HERV-W family elements reactivated in testicular cancer upon methylation control. Nucleic Acids Res, 2010. 38(7): p. 2229-46. Also exogenous factors can promote ERV expression. Activation of human ERVs was for example observed due to viral infections. HERV-W expression was detected after influenza and herpes simplex virus infection (Nellaker, C., et al., Transactivation of elements in the human endogenous retrovirus W family by viral infection. Retrovirology, 2006. 3: p. 44) while HERV-K was present after Epstein-Barr virus infection (Sutkowski, N., et al., Epstein-Barr virus transactivates the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K18 that encodes a superantigen. Immunity, 2001. 15(4): p. 579-89). Regardless of the mechanism that leads to ERV expression, cancer cells maintain activation of these proteins by a selection pressure, indicating a beneficial effect of ERVs in tumors (Leong, S. P., et al., Expression and modulation of a retrovirus-associated antigen by murine melanoma cells. Cancer Res, 1988. 48(17): p. 4954-8.)

Not only human tumors are associated with ERV proteins, but also murine cancer cells express ERVs. This provides a perfect model organism to study effects of ERVs on tumor progression and to test ERV-targeting therapy approaches. One ERV model is the melanoma associated retrovirus (MelARV), which originates from a provirus of the murine leukemia virus (MuLV) present in the mouse genome. Most inbred mouse strains contain one or two inactive MuLV copies (Li, M., et al., Sequence and insertion sites of murine melanoma-associated retrovirus. J Virol, 1999. 73(11): p. 9178-86.) However, the AKR mouse strain has three insertions in the genome and is characterized by a high production of MuLV early in life causing frequent incidences of spontaneous lymphomas. Other mouse strains, like the C57BL/6, spontaneously produce MuLV particles only later in life. Several other murine cancer models likewise express MuLV/MelARV, similar to human ERVs.

As the immune system of a viral host is a natural defense mechanism against infections, many viruses and especially retroviruses have developed strategies to escape this surveillance. One mechanism that can be seen throughout different virus families [Duch et al., WO2013/050048] is the development of an immunosuppressive domain in the envelope proteins (Env) causing a suppression of the immune system on different levels. Immune cells including natural killer (NK), CD8 T or regulatory T (Treg) cells can be affected by viruses containing an ISD [Schlecht-Louf et al. (2010)].

Many ERVs contain proteins with immunosuppressive domains (ISD) and such a domain can also be found in the MelARV Env protein (Schlecht-Louf, G., et al., Retroviral infection in vivo requires an immune escape virulence factor encrypted in the envelope protein of oncoretroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010. 107(8): p. 3782-7 and Mangeney, M. and T. Heidmann, Tumor cells expressing a retroviral envelope escape immune rejection in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998. 95(25): p. 14920-5.). The importance of the ISD in MuLV or MelARV has been shown by introducing murine leukemia virus Env proteins into tumor cells that are normally rejected by immune cells (Mangeney, M. and T. Heidmann, Tumor cells expressing a retroviral envelope escape immune rejection in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998. 95(25): p. 14920-5). Env transduced tumor cells grew more rapidly despite the additional exogenous antigen. This observation was explained by a local immunosuppressive effect mediated by the Env protein. The ISD is affecting both the innate and adaptive immune system, as shown by inhibition of macrophages, NK cells and T cells alike (Lang, M. S., et al., Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies directed against the immunosuppressive domain of p15E inhibits tumour growth. Clin Exp Immunol, 1995. 102(3): p. 468-75). Furthermore, an effect on the regulatory T cell subset has been suggested that in turn suppresses other immune cells (Mangeney, M., et al., Endogenous retrovirus expression is required for murine melanoma tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res, 2005. 65(7): p. 2588-91). The detailed mechanism of immunosuppression by the ISD is not completely understood yet, but the effect seems mostly mediated by the CKS-17 peptide within the ISD. CKS-17 has diverse effects on the immune system, mostly by altering cytokine expression (Haraguchi, S., R. A. Good, and N. K. Day-Good, A potent immunosuppressive retroviral peptide: cytokine patterns and signaling pathways. Immunol Res, 2008. 41(1): p. 46-55.).

One of the first therapeutic approaches to target ERV-expressing tumor cells included the administration of monoclonal antibodies. Thus, antibodies targeting HERV-K Env were able to reduce tumor growth of breast cancer cell lines. Wang-Johanning et al. showed that the observed effect of anti-HERV-K Env monoclonal antibodies was mediated by alteration of the cancer cell cycle and increased apoptosis. Another possible effect of such antibodies, not tested by Wang-Johanning et al. (Wang-Johanning, F., et al., Immunotherapeutic potential of anti-human endogenous retrovirus-K envelope protein antibodies in targeting breast tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2012. 104(3): p. 189-210), could be the prevention of immunosuppression. Like MelARV Env, the HERV-K Env protein contains an ISD and has immune modulating functions (Morozov, V. A., V. L. Dao Thi, and J. Denner, The transmembrane protein of the human endogenous retrovirus—K (HERV-K) modulates cytokine release and gene expression. PLoS One, 2013. 8(8): p. e70399). The approach tested by Wang-Johanning et al. included xenograft tumors in immunodeficient athymic mice. Thus, the effect of HERV-K could only affect innate immune cells, such as NK cells.

Another part of the adaptive immune response that can help to eradicate tumors by targeting ERVs includes T cells. For instance, adoptively transferred T cells against a MuLV Env epitope in combination with IL-2 were able to eradicate lung metastases of melanoma cells (Yang, J. C. and D. Perry-Lalley, The envelope protein of an endogenous murine retrovirus is a tumor-associated T-cell antigen for multiple murine tumors. J Immunother, 2000. 23(2): p. 177-83). Similar experiments were performed in humanized mouse models for HERV-K. T cells were genetically modified to express on their surface a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that recognizes HERV-K Env on cancer cells. The cytotoxic CAR⁺ T-cells were able to lyse tumor cells and prevented metastases as well as tumor growth.

In addition to the direct injection of antibodies or T cells, a more practical, cheaper and efficient strategy is the induction of immune responses by vaccination. A simple approach is the vaccination with virus-encoded antigens. However, this method is rather cumbersome as DCs have to be isolated and cultured first before they are pulsed with a defined HLA-restricted peptide and are re-injected into mice or patients.

A more elegant vaccination strategy is the presentation of antigens (e.g. viral envelope proteins) to the immune system on virus-like particles (VLPs), which are encoded by a recombinant adenovirus (FIG. 1). These particles do not contain viral nucleic acids and are therefore non-infectious. Nevertheless, VLPs are highly immunogenic and displayed proteins are presented in a natural context. For example, the viral Env protein integrated in VLPs is presented on a virus-like surface, which promotes correct folding and conformation. In addition to the advantage of a strong immunogenicity, the vaccination strategy with VLPs includes also practical benefits. Thus, VLPs are relatively easy to produce as they are built from just a single or few proteins and production can be performed in cell cultures.

In order to vaccinate against viruses or virus-related disease (e.g. ERV expressing cancer), the whole Env protein should ideally be displayed to the immune system to ensure an immune response against a full protein target. However, as the Env protein contains the ISD, the vaccine itself has an immunosuppressive ability, undesired for an immunization approach. To circumvent this drawback, mutations were introduced into the ISD to maintain natural conformation of the target protein while at the same time preventing the immunosuppression.

One of the firsts to test inactivating mutations in the ISD of viral proteins was Schlecht-Louf et al. [Schlecht-Louf et al. (2010)]. Based on comparison studies between the immunosuppressive syncytin-2 and the non-immunosuppressive syncytin-1 [Mangeney et al. (2007)], Schlecht-Louf et al. identified mutations that disable the activity of the ISD without ablating the general structure and functionality of the Env protein. This mutation strategy was applied to proteins of other viral origins (e.g. HTLV and XMRV) and more extensively tested for the Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MLV). The study did not only reveal the suppression of both NK and T cells by the ISD but showed also that a live-attenuated F-MLV virus comprising the mutated ISD in the Env protein served as a vaccine against the same virus with a WT ISD sequence. The protection was due to increased antibody levels as well as T cell responses against F-MLV epitopes. Their discovery was finally manifested in the patent application WO 2011/092199 with focus on the Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) that has been related to human protstate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Hence, WO 2011/092199 relates to ISD mutations specifically in the XMRV and to the utilization of such ISD mutated viruses for vaccination strategies.

Another application of ISD mutation was described in the patent application WO 2014/195510. In this case a mutation of the ISD was introduced in the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) in order to decrease immunosuppression by the virus while still maintaining its natural conformation. WO 2014/195510 describes that specific mutations increased antibody responses against the FIV Env protein when administered in a vaccination approach, bound to MBP or transduced in engrafted tumor cells. Thus, WO 2014/195510 relates to mutations in the ISD of FIV Env and the use of such mutated proteins in vaccination approaches against infection with FIV or other lentiviruses.

Another approach, addressing a broader spectrum of ISD mutations in viral Env protein, is described in the patent application WO 2013/050048. In particular WO 2013/050048 relates to the generation of antigens by first identifying ISDs in enveloped RNA viruses and subsequently mutating these domains to decrease immunosuppression during vaccination. The ISD identification strategy is based on 4 parameters which are: 1) the peptide is located in the fusion protein of enveloped RNA viruses, 2) the peptide is capable of interacting with membranes, 3) a high degree of homology in the primary structure (sequence) of the peptide exists either within the Order, Family, Subfamily, Genus, or Species of viruses, 4) the position at the surface of the fusion protein at a given conformation is a feature of immunosuppressive domains, revealed by the 3D structure or antibody staining. After identification of a potential ISD in a viral Env of interest, the immunosuppressive function was validated and subsequently, mutations were introduced in the ISDs and reduction of immunosuppression of at least 25% was confirmed. Overall, WO 2013/050048 describes the identification of ISDs in enveloped RNA viruses, the generation of ISD mutated peptides, as well as the utilization of said peptides as vaccines and the generation of antibodies.

The importance of a simultaneous antigen presentation encoded in an adenoviral vector and on the surface of the viral capsid was shown by Bayer et al. [Bayer et al. (2010)]. The benefit of presenting antigens in an ordered structure that helps to cross-link B cell receptors was known previously. However, by encoding different F-MLV proteins, such as Gag and the Env subunits gp70 and p15E, while simultaneously displaying such antigens on the adenoviral capsid protein pIX, Bayer et al. showed that only the combination of encoded and capsid presented antigens was able to increase the level of functional antibodies. This observation was assigned to the fact that while the presentation on the adenoviral capsid helped to cross-link B cell receptors, encoded antigens were required for an essential CD4⁺ T cell responses promoting affinity maturation of B cells. With this vaccination strategy Bayer et al. were able to reduce viral load of F-MLV after challenge. However, no indication of increased CD8⁺ T cell responses against the target antigen could be observed.

Shoji et al. primarily focused on the optimization of an adenovirus-based HIV vaccine. Despite codon-optimization strategies and usage of diverse promoters, they co-encoded the Gag and Env protein in an adenovirus, coupled via a cleavable furin site (F2A). This allowed the simultaneous expression of both proteins and thus in situ formation of Gag based VLPs. In their study this setting showed the highest immune responses compared to other display strategies that did not promote in situ formation of VLPs [Shoji et al., 2012].

Duch et al. 2011 (US20110305749A1) produced VLP based retroviral HIV vaccines and demonstrated increased immunogenicity of ISD mutated HIV envelope proteins. The VLP immunogens were produced and purified ex vivo.

US2012189647 relates to a mutated envelope protein resulting from mutation of a immunosuppressive domain of a transmembrane subunit of a wild type envelope protein. US2009324553 relates to chimeric polytropic viral envelope polypeptides applicable for directed targeting and controlled fusion of virus particles with other cellular membranes.

In addition, a publication by Hohn et al. [Hohn et al., 2014] describes that when a codon-optimised version of HERV-K113 was expressed under a CMV promotor, virus assembly type and morphology were changed. In particular, VLP were retained at the cell surface and lacked Env.

Despite previous strategies of mutating ISDs in viral Env proteins and using adenovirus to encode and display viral antigens, the past vaccination strategies employing ISD mutations aimed exclusively at preventing viral infections [Schlecht-louf et al. 2010; WO 2011/092199; WO 2014/195510; US20110305749; WO 2014/195510]. Therefore, there is still a need to break tolerance to self-antigens. Moreover, the system of in situ synthesis of virus-like particles has been used before [Luo et al. (2003); Sohji et al. (2011); Andersson et al. (2016); Andersson & Holst (2016); Andersson et al. (2017)] for HIV Env and Malaria antigens but not for the display of the ISD mutated ERV Env on in situ synthesized VLPs. Moreover, in view of the findings by Hohn et al. there is also a need for an efficient system allowing the production of VLP, in particular HERV-K VLP.

The present invention aims at producing an effective vaccine for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease caused by an endogenous retrovirus. The vaccine of the invention shows an improved immune response from either of both of the response pathways initiated by CD4 T cells or CD8 T cells.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease, comprising an adenoviral vector capable of encoding a virus-like particle (VLP), said VLP displaying an inactive immune-suppressive domain (ISD).

A number of virus vectors for producing VLPs is used in the development of vaccines, including HIV, baculovirus, lentivirus, and adenovirus. The present inventors show that the adenovirus vector encoding ERV with inactivated ISD surprisingly performs better than e.g. a HIV vector when combined with inactivated ISD. Thus, the present invention provides for an unexpected high immune response resulting in promotion of immunosuppression in tumors.

While any of the adenoviral vectors are expected to perform satisfactory in the present invention it is currently the opinion that the best result will be obtained when the adenoviral vector is derived from mammalian adenovirus types, human adenovirus types, chimpanzee adenovirus types, or gorilla adenovirus types. Human adenovirus vectors exist in at least 52 different serotypes e.g. type 1, 2, 5, 19, 28, 35, and 40. When a human adenovirus is selected the human adenovirus vector is derived from D group vectors, human adenovirus serotype Ad5, human adenovirus serotype Adl9a, human adenovirus serotype Ad26, or Chimpanzee adenovirus serotypes. The present inventors have used adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) as the starting point for the present vaccine vector due to good pre-clinical immunization results. The reason why Ad5 induces sufficient strong immune responses against a target protein is not only due to the efficient transport into antigen presenting cells (APCs) but also the adjuvant property of the vector itself that stimulates innate immunity. In addition, the transcription and release of immune-stimulatory cytokines like IFNs, IL-6, IL-12, IL-1S and TNF-α are induced. These cytokines have an important role in the immune system and serve as activators for cells of the adaptive immune response. A particular advantage of Ad5 is that immune responses against the vector are not too strong, as this would prevent transgene expression. Ad5 balances the innate immunity to a level that allows transgene expression while still activating adaptive immune responses. Having regarded to the publication by Matthew J. Johnson et al (J Immunol 2012; 188:6109-6118), which showed that recombinant adenovirus serotype 28 and recombinant adenovirus serotype 35 infected and led to the in vitro maturation and activation of both human and mouse dendritic cells more efficiently compared with recombinant adenovirus serotype 5, it was unexpected that the Ad5 showed the desired response in the experiments reported herein. In addition, it is shown in another paper by Matthew J. Johnson et al (Vaccine 32 (2014) 717-724) that recombinant adenovirus serotype 28 and recombinant adenovirus serotype 35 increase apoptosis of antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as monocytes, relative to rAdS and mock infected controls.

The immune-suppressive domain (ISD) can be seen as mechanism for tumors to balance anti-tumor immune responses while simultaneously retaining a tumor-promoting inflammatory milieu induced by ERV activation, similar to natural infections. The ISD is affecting both the innate and adaptive immune system, due to inhibition of macrophages, NK cells and T cells alike. However, the detailed mechanism of immunosuppression by the ISD is not completely understood yet. As demonstrated by the present invention, inactivation of the ISD increases the response considerably.

The ISD segment may be inactivated by mutation or deletion of one or more amino acids. In case the inactivation is performed by a mutation one or more of the amino acids are exchanged with a different amino acid, usually selected among the other 19 naturally occurring amino acids. In case of a deletion any one or more of the amino acids in the ISD region may be deleted. The person skilled in the art will have adequate knowledge and experience of which amino acids to exchange to lead him or her to a satisfactory immune response, optionally through evaluation of initial trials.

In a certain embodiment of the present invention the ISD has the peptide sequence LASQINDLRQTVIW (SEQ ID NO. 1), LASQINDLRQTVIW (SEQ ID NO. 2), LQNRRGLDLLTAEKGGL (SEQ ID NO. 3), LQNRRALDLLTAERGGT (SEQ ID NO. 4), LQNRRGLDMLTAAQGGI (SEQ ID NO. 5), or YQNRLALDYLLAAEGGV (SEQ ID NO. 6) having at least one of the amino acids deleted or exchanged with a different amino acid. It is preferred that the amino acid different from the original is selected among naturally occurring amino acids. The ISD segment of the ERV encoded in Ad5 used in the examples of the present application has the following amino acid sequence: LQNRRGLDLLFLKEGGL (SEQ ID No. 7). The ISD can be inactivated by performing one or more mutations in the amino acid sequence. Whereas the person skilled in the art will be able to modify the amino acid sequence by performing any number or form of mutations or deletions, it is currently suitable to exchange a single amino acids i.e. the ISD preferably used in the present invention has the following sequence: LQNRRGLDLLFLKRGGL (SEQ ID No. 8).

It may be preferable to exchange one or more amino acids in a region upstream or downstream of the ISD segment. The mutation is a compensatory mutation intended to preserve the structure of the domain so that it can still work for an infectious virus. Thus, in a certain embodiment, at least one of the amino acids in a region of 10 amino acids upstream or downstream of the ISD is exchanged with a different amino acid. In the specific embodiment shown in FIG. 3 the 3^(rd) amino acid flanking the ISD region is exchanged with an A->F mutation.

For an ISD to be inactivated according to the present invention the immune suppressing ability needs to be reduced by 70% or more compared to the immune suppression performed by the original ISD. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the ISD is inactivated 80% or more, such as 90% or more, such as 95% or more, such as 99% more compared to the immune suppression performed by the original ISD.

The present invention provides a general platform for displaying antigens to the body's immune system. Thus, in principle the coding for any type of protein it is desired to raise an immune response against can be incorporated in the adenovirus vector. In a preferred aspect of the invention the antigen is endogenous retrovirus envelope proteins (ERV Env) or immunogenic proteins derived from such proteins. It is generally believed that the vaccine of virus-encoded virus-like particles directs ERV Env to dendritic cells (DCs), which present antigens to cells of the adaptive immune system. Presentation on MHC class I induces activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells. These cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), specific for antigens of ERV Env, infiltrate tumors and kill cells displaying the respective antigen. Presentation of antigens on MHC class II by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) activates CD4+ T cells, which subsequently co-activate B cells. Activated B cells that encounter the ERV Env target protein in the circulation or antigens displayed on VLPs release antibodies specific for ERV Env. These antibodies are able to bind their target on cancer cells, inducing destruction and phagocytosis of the malignant cells. In this way, ERV-specific antibodies are bale to prevent tumor growth and metastasis. The regained immunogenicity of tumor cells enables priming of a set of diverse tumor-specific T cells recognizing different tumor-associated and tumor-specific antigens. The newly primed and expanded CTLs infiltrate the tumor and kill malignant cells.

While the present vaccine in principle may be used for immunizing a number of mammal species and in fact has been developed using a mouse model, the ERV protein in a preferred aspect of the invention is a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) protein or an immunogenic part thereof. It has been estimated that every human genome consists of about 8% endogenous retroviral DNA. However, most of the endogenous retroviral DNA is just relics of the former retrovirus. ERVs are the evidence of ancient infections with retroviruses in distant ancestors. Upon infection, viral RNA was reverse transcribed into proviral DNA, which was integrated into the host genome. Eventually, the provirus was integrated into cells of the germ line and became inheritable, giving rise to endogenous retroviruses. Over millions of years the viral DNA was passed down generations and became fixed in the populations. It follows that a large part of the human genome potentially may be used as antigen-coding part of the adenoviral vector. Presently, HERV is preferably selected among the group consisting of HERV-K, HERV-H, HERV-W, HERV-FRD, and HERV-E. More specifically, the HERV-K may be selected among the group consisting of HERV-K108 (=ERVK-6), ERVK-19, HERV-K115 (=ERVK-8), ERVK-9, HERV-K113, ERVK-21, ERVK-25, HERV-K102 (=ERVK-7), HERV-K101 (=ERVK-24), HERV-K110 (=ERVK-18); HERV-H may be selected among the group consisting of HERV-H19 (=HERV-H_2 q24.3), HERV-H_2 q24.1; HERV-W may be selected as ERVW-1 (=Syncytin-1); and HERV-FRD may be selected as ERVFRD-1 (=Syncytin-2).

The adenoviral vector is constructed so as to allow the encoded ERV protein to be presented to the immune system to erect a suitable immunological response. In a suitable aspect of the invention the ERV protein epitope or an immunogenic part thereof is positioned between a transmembrane domain and the ISD.

Experiments reported herein show the application of adenovirus encoded ISD mutated HERV-K VLPs not only in Ad5 but also in another adenoviral serotype, i.e. Ad19 (see Examples 15 to 17). Previously, HERV-K have been associated with cancer expression and shown to contain a functional envelope ISD domain with in vitro activities similar to HIV (Morozov et al. 2013). In mice, HERV-K is a foreign antigen and with similar ISD domain activities the ISD mutations could not a priory be expect to enhance immune responses. However, it was surprisingly found that the ISD mutation increases antibody responses towards HERV-K Env p15E and SU domain proteins, T cell responses and anticancer protection. The mutations in HERV-K are different than the ones disclosed herein for MelARV as the virus families differ in the ISD sequences. However, based on the information provided herein and on common general knowledge the skilled person can identify suitable mutations inactivating the ISD also in other virus families. The HERV-K mutation used herein was inspired by ISD mutations in HIV shown to preserve infectivity of the virus and site specific conservation between HERV-K and HIV-1 (Morozov et al 2012). Upon analysis of vector transfected cells increased intracellular and cell surface expression of the HERV-K mutations were found (see Example 15 and FIG. 24), which may contribute to explain the increased immunogenicity and provide an additional mechanistic rationale for making ISD mutations in HERV-K family Env proteins using any genetic expression platform and constructs that may or may not form VLPs.

Thus, the present invention also relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding ERV envelope protein or an immunogenic part thereof, wherein the ISD of said protein contains mutations that render the ISD inactive. Preferably, the ERV is a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV), more preferably the HERV is HERV-K. It is further preferred that the mutation in the ISD replaces Q525 with an alanine so that the sequence of the mutated ISD becomes NSQSSIDQKLANAINDLRQT (SEQ ID No.50) (instead of NSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQT; SEQ ID No. 49). It is understood that corresponding mutations in an ISD with a different sequence are also envisaged. In a further preferred embodiment the nucleic acid molecule is comprised in an adenoviral vector. More preferably the adenoviral vector is adenoviral vector type 19 (Ad19). It is further preferred that the adeoviral vector comprising the nucleic acid encodes a VLP. The invention further relates to a protein encoded by said nucleic acid molecule or said vector. The nucleic acid molecule, the vector or the encoded protein are to be used in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease, the disease preferably being cancer. The cancer to be treated is a cancer expressing the corresponding ERV. Preferably, the treatment comprises a “prime-boost-regimen”, wherein first a prime with the adenovirus or the nucleic acid molecule is administered followed by the later administration of an MVA-, adenovirus or DNA boost. Preferably, the boost is an MVA boost. Different timings for the prime and boost are envisaged. In particular in cancer patients with minimal residual disease a long spacing between prime and boost is possible. In a preferred regimen, the boost is administered 4 to 8 weeks after the priming.

In a preferred aspect of the vaccine according to the invention the protein product of the adenoviral vector includes a gag protein, a 2A peptide, and an envelope protein (Env). Furthermore, the Env protein may comprise a Surface Unit (gp70), a cleavage site, and a transmembrane unit (p15E). In addition, the transmembrane unit (p15E) my comprise a fusion peptide, an immunosuppressive domain (ISD), a transmembrane anchor, and a cytoplasmatic tail.

To improve the immunosuppression of the vaccine is may be suitable that the p15E or an immunogenic part thereof is coupled to the adenoviral capsid protein pIX. To achieve this, p15E was N-terminally fused to the C-terminus of pIX. The highly ordered structure of pIX and its bound antigen on the adenoviral surface helps to cross-link B cell receptors. As another advantage, pIX is usually displayed as a trimer and could help to present the bound p15E antigen in a natural trimeric form as well. This modification was shown to increase the induction of specific antibodies in CD1 mice.

In a certain aspect of the present invention the signal peptide coded for by the adenoviral vector is exchanged with a signal peptide from Gaussia luciferase (LucSP). This signal peptide increases the transport of proteins to the outer cell membrane without altering the glycosylation status. Thus, including this signal peptide instead of the native sequence has the directs synthesized proteins to the membrane where they are integrated into VLPs.

In another aspect of the invention, the transmembrane anchor and the cytoplasmatic tail coded for by the adenoviral vector are exchanged with the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail from Influenza A virus Hemagglutinin. The insertion increases expression of recombinant proteins on the cell surface and on VLPs, which results in strong and broad antibody responses. In a preferred embodiment the transmembrane anchor and the cytoplasmatic tail coded for by the adenoviral vector are exchanged with the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail from Influenza A virus Hemagglutinin H3N2 (HA-TMCT).

In another aspect of the invention, a trimerization sequence is provided adjacent to the signal peptide. The trimerization sequence may be added to the protein to facilitate natural presentation. In a preferred aspect, the trimerization sequence is GCN4.

The protein product of adenovirus vector usually comprises a gag protein, wherein the gag protein is exogenous retroviral gag protein or endogenous retroviral gag protein.

The adenoviral vector usually requires a cell for production of the virus-like particle. Thus, the adenoviral vector infects a cell and produces the components for VLPs. In a certain aspect of the invention, the VLP is produced in an isolated cell line.

Suitable examples include, Sf9 cells, vero cells, HeLa cells, etc. However, it is presently desired that the VLP is produced in a cell of the body of a patient having been infected by the adenoviral vector. This production is also referred to as Virus encoded virus-like particles (VE-VLPs) and has the advantage that an intermediary host for the production of VLPs is circumvented.

The invention also relates to a nucleic acid construct encoding a target protein capable of forming of a virus-like particle (VLP), wherein the target protein comprises an immune-suppressive domain (ISD), said ISD being inactive.

The present invention is particularly suitable for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of cancer. The type of cancer treated by the present invention is not particularly limited and includes prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lymphomas, melanomas, leukemia, sarcomas, colorectal cancer, testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lymphomas, lung cancer, and liver cancer.

Under certain conditions, it may be advantageous to treat a patient using a prime-boost regime. Thus in 1 of the embodiments of the present invention the use of the vaccine in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of cancer, comprises the step of priming the patient with the nucleic acid construct above at least 5 days before boosting with the vaccine disclosed above.

The present invention also relates to a vaccine for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of cancer, which comprises the step of post treating the patient 5 days or more after the exposure of the patient for the vaccine disclosed above with a virus encoded VLP different from the VLP derived from an adenoviral vector. In a certain embodiment, the virus encoded VLP different from the VLP derived from an adenoviral vector is a VLP derived from Modified Vaccina Ankara (MVA).

Further, it was surprisingly found that—contrary to what was reported by Hohn et al. 2014 with regard to codon optimized HERV-K113 under a CMV-promotor—the expression cassette used, i.e. Gag-p2A-Env with Env expressed in a 1:1 ratio with Gag again under a strong promotor did not result in retention at the cell membrane. Instead VLP were expressed which (again contrary to the results reported by Hohn et al. also contained Env. This shows that a genetic platform with Gag-p2a-Env performs better as compared to the construct without p2a (or a corresponding operative linker).

Thus, the present invention further relates to a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Gag protein and an ERV envelope protein (Env) or an immunogenic part thereof wherein the native genomic structure connecting Gag and the Env has been replaced by an operative linker. Preferably said operative linker is p2A. In other words, the present invention also relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a Gag-operative linker-Env expression cassette, preferably a Gag-p2A-Env cassette. Preferably, the ERV is HERV-K. More preferably the ERV is HERV-K113. It is further preferred that the HERV-K sequence is a HERV-K consensus sequence, more preferably a codon-optimized consensus sequence. Yet more preferably, the HERV-K codon-optimized consensus sequence is the following amino acid sequence (SEQ ID No. 55):

MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQIIEQFCPWFP EQGTLDLKDWKRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVWNDWAIIKAALEPFQTEED SVSVSDAPGSCIIDCNENTRKKSQKETEGLHCEYVAEPVMAQSTQNVDYN QLQEVIYPETLKLEGKGPELVGPSESKPRGTSPLPAGQVPVTLQPQKQVK ENKTQPPVAYQYWPPAELQYRPPPESQYGYPGMPPAPQGRAPYPQPPTRR LNPTAPPSRQGSELHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVTLEPMPPGEGAQEGEP PTVEARYKSFSIKMLKDMKEGVKQYGPNSPYMRTLLDSIAHGHRLIPYDW EILAKSSLSPSQFLQFKTWWIDGVQEQVRRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQ NWSTISQQALMQNEAIEQVRAICLRAWEKIQDPGSTCPSFNTVRQGSKEP YPDFVARLQDVAQKSIADEKARKVIVELMAYENANPECQSAIKPLKGKVP AGSDVISEYVKACDGIGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGVVLGGQVRTFGGKCYNCG QIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTTGREPPDLCPRCKKGKHWASQCRSKFD KNGQPLSGNEQRGQPQAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPQGFQGQQPPLSQVFQGISQ LPQYNNCPPPQAAVQQGSGATNFSLLKQAGDVEENPGPMNPSEMQRKAPP RRRRHRNRAPLTHKMNKMVTSEEQMKLPSTKKAEPPTWAQLKKLTQLATK YLENTKVTQTPESMLLAALMIVSMVVSLPMPAGAAAANYTYWAYVPFPPL IRAVTWMDNPIEVYVNDSVWVPGPIDDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYRYPP ICLGRAPGCLMPAVQNWLVEVPTVSPISRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDF SYQRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEIPKESKNTEVLVWEECVANSAVILQNNEFGTI IDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAVDSDLTESLDKHKHKKLQSFYP WEWGEKGISTPRPKIVSPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRIWSGNQTLETRD RKPFYTVDLNSSLTVPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLLT CIDSTFNWQHRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWEASPSVHILTEVLKGVLNR SKRFIFTLIAVIMGLIAVTATAAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNDWQKNSTRLW NSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQT VIWMGDRLMSLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITP QIYNESEHHWDMVRRHLQGREDNLTLDISKLKEQIFEASKAHLNLVPGTE AIAGVADGLANLNPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCLLLVCRCTQQLR RDSDHRERAMMTMAVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV.

It is further preferred that the HERV-K contains a mutation in its ISD (which is underlined and in bold print in the sequence above). A particularly preferred sequence containing such a mutation is shown in SEQ ID No. 48.

It is further preferred that the nucleic acid molecule is an adenoviral vector. It is envisaged that the nucleic acid can be used as a genetic vaccine, in particular in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease, preferably cancer. Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule can also be used to produce VLPs, in particular HERV-K VLPs in vitro. The resulting VLPs can then be used in immunotherapy, in particular in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease, preferably cancer. It is understood that also in this context the cancer to be treated is a cancer expressing ERV.

In addition the present invention also relates to a VLP encoded by the nucleic acid molecule encoding a Gag protein and an ERV envelope protein (Env) or an immunogenic part thereof wherein the native genomic structure connecting Gag and the Env has been replaced by an operative linker. Preferably, said operative linker is p2A. It is further preferred that the ERV is HERV-K. More preferably the ERV is HERV-K113. Preferably, said VLP contains higher amounts of Env as compared to the HERV-K113 VLP produced according to the method described by Hohn et al. As mentioned above, the use of such VLPs in immunotherapy is envisaged. Moreover, the invention relates to the nucleic acid molecule or the VLP for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of a disease. It is preferred that the disease is cancer. It is understood that the cancer is a cancer expressing the corresponding ERV.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the following detailed portion of the present disclosure, the aspects, embodiments and implementations will be explained in more detail with reference to the example embodiments shown in the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 discloses the mechanism of virus vector-encoded virus-like particles. The vaccine comprising a recombinant adenovirus (Ad5) encoding for viral Gag and Env proteins. Upon injection, Ad5 infects cells and induces expression of the encoded proteins. Gag and Env are coupled via a self-cleavable peptide (p2A) that assures equimolar expression of both proteins but also separation upon translation. The structural protein Gag alone is sufficient to induce budding of the cell membrane and formation of virus-like particles (VLP). During VLP formation, Env associates with Gag and is integrated into the released VLPs. Thus, vaccination with the Ad5 vector induces production of VLPs that display the target protein Env on their surface to the immune system.

FIG. 2 shows the schematic structure of the MuLV/MelARV envelope protein. The envelope protein (Env) consists of two subunits. (left) The trans-membrane subunit p15E (TM) is anchored in the cell membrane and contains an immunosuppressive domain (ISD) and a fusion peptide. p15E is covalently coupled via disulfide bridges to the surface subunit gp70 (SU). p15E and especially the ISD are shielded by gp70 to prevent antibody binding. (right) The protein subunits are expressed as a precursor protein that is cleaved during processing and transported to the membrane. Figure modified from Mangeney et al 2007.

FIG. 3 shows the mutations in the ISD of vaccine-encoded MelARV Env (p15E). Two amino acids in the ISD of p15E were mutated to inactivate the immunosuppressive mechanism. Thus, the following amino acid changes were performed: E₁₄→R₁₄ and A₂₀→F₂₀.

FIG. 4 shows the vector maps of 768tet and Capture-pBGH. The DNA vectors 768tet (A) and Capture-pBGH (B) with relevant genes. Additional genes present in the plasmids are not shown in the vector map. Target proteins were first cloned into the expression vector 768tet (A). The expression cassette, including the target protein, was subsequently cloned into the human Ad5 (hAd5) genome vector Capture-pBGH (B) by homologous recombination to produce recombinant viruses in producer cell lines.

FIG. 5 discloses the steps for recombinant Ad5 production. The scheme shows the process of cloning a target protein into Capture-pBGH, followed by virus production. The production of recombinant Ad5 includes the consecutive steps of generating a “virus lysate”, a “3-day lysate” and a “large-scale lysate” containing the recombinant virus.

FIG. 6: The peptide used for ELISA analysis of p15E-specific antibody responses. The region of MelARV Env pointed to by the arrow designated as “TM (p15E)” was synthesized as a peptide and was used for ELISA analysis of blood serum samples from vaccinated mice.

FIG. 7: Antibody responses induced by Ad5-MelARV-ISD in CD1 mice. (A) p15E-specific antibodies in the serum of vaccinated CD1 mice (Vaccination timeline IV). Mice were vaccinated first with DNA encoding for MelARV, MelARV-ISD or GFP (described under the graph) followed by different Ad5 boost (legend). The vaccines used for the boost were Ad5-MelARV (dark grey), Ad5-MelARV ISD (light grey) or Ad5-GFP (white). Antibody binding to p15E was analyzed by ELISA. The bars show the mean absorbance relative to the LEV76 control serum with SEM. Sample size was n=5 in each group. (B) B16F10-GP-specific antibodies. B16F10-GP cells were incubated with blood serum of the same mice as for (A). Binding-antibodies were detected with an APC-coupled secondary antibody against mouse IgG using flow cytometry. Mean fluorescence intensity of each vaccine group is displayed as the mean with SEM. Asterisks indicate significant difference between the groups, with *(P≤0.05); **(P≤0.01); ***(P≤0.001). mean with SEM. Asterisks indicate significant difference between the groups, with *(P≤0.05); **(P≤0.01); ***(P≤0.001).

FIG. 8: Antibody responses and metastatic count in Ad-MelARV-ISD vaccinated C57BL/6 mice. Mice were vaccinated with DNA-MelARV and Ad5-MelARV (DNA+Ad5-MelARV) or DNA-MelARV-ISD and Ad5-MelARV-ISD (DNA+Ad5-MelARV-ISD) in a prime-boost regimen according to vaccination timeline III. (A) Binding of cancer-specific antibodies to B16F10-GP cells. Antibodies in the blood serum of vaccinated mice specific for tumor cells were analyzed by flow cytometry using APC-coupled secondary antibodies against mouse IgG. Bars show the mean fluorescence intensity of bound antibodies in each group. (B) Antibodies binding to p15E were analyzed by ELISA. The values show the mean of each group with SEM. (C) Vaccinated mice were challenged i.v. with B16F10-GP cells and lung metastases were analyzed after 14 days. Horizontal lines indicate the mean number of metastases in each group. Groups comprise n=7 (DNA+Ad5-MelARV) or n=8 (DNA+Ad5-MelARV-ISD) mice.

FIG. 9: ELISPOT analysis of T cell responses induced by Ad5-MelARV-ISD in Balb/C mice. 21 days after a single vaccination with Ad5 (Ad5-MelARV or Ad5-MelARV-ISD), spleens of Balb/C mice were isolated. Splenocytes were stimulated with AH1 and activated immune cells were detected by IFNγ production in an ELISPOT assay. The result was calculated as the number of spots (IFNγ-producing cells) per 106 splenocytes. The bars indicate the mean number of spots in each group (n=5) with SEM. Asterisks indicate significant difference to the PBS control, with *(P≤0.05); **(P≤0.01); ***(P≤0.001).

FIG. 10: ICS analysis of T cell responses induced by Ad5-MelARV-ISD in Balb/C mice. The same splenocytes as in FIG. 9 were analyzed for production of the cytokines IFNγ and TNFα in T cells by intracellular staining (ICS) upon stimulation with AH1. The figures show the total number of activated (CD44+), IFNγ or TNFα-producing CD8+ T cells in the whole spleen. (A) IFNγ-positive CD8+ T cells. (B) TNFα-positive CD8+ T cells. (C) The integrated geometric mean of IFNγ producing CD8+ T cells in each mouse was calculated from the number of IFNγ+CD8+ T cells multiplied by the mean fluorescence intensity of IFNγ+ cells. (D) Double positive CD8+ T cells. Horizontal lines indicate the mean of each group. Asterisks show significant difference between the groups, with *(P≤0.05); **(P≤0.01); ***(P≤0.001).

FIG. 11: Titer of Ad5-specific antibodies in Ad5-MelARV vs. Ad5-MelARV-ISD vaccinated CD1 mice. CD1 mice were vaccinated with Ad5-MelARV or Ad5-MelARV-ISD according to Vaccination timeline IV. Blood serum was analyzed by ELISA for Ad5-specific antibodies by coating ELISA plates with Ad5 particles. Serum from each mouse was tested in a 1:2 serial dilution to obtain the antibody-titer. Cutoff value for a positive result was 4 times the background OD450. The bars show the mean titer of each group with SEM. Groups contained n=5 mice. Asterisks indicate significant difference between the groups, with *(P≤0.05); **(P≤0.01); ***(P≤0.001).

FIG. 12: Excerpts from amino acid sequences of p15E displayed on the adenoviral pIX protein. The full sequences are represented in the sequence listing: pIX-p15E (SEQ ID NO:51; pIX-p15E-ISD (SEQ ID NO:52), pIX-p15E-truc-wC (SEQ ID NO:53); pIX-p15E-trunc-w/oC (SEQ ID NO:54).

FIG. 13: Characterization of adenoviral vectors displaying recombinant pIX. (A) pcDNA3-pIX-Taglinker-xxx plasmids encoding recombinant pIX were transfected into HEK293 cells to validate correct expression. Cell lysates of transfected cells were analyzed by western blotting using an anti-pIX antibody. Line 1) pIX-p15E, Line 2) pIX-p15E-ISD, Line 3) pIX-p15E_trunc-wC, Line 4) pIX-p15E_trunc-w/oC, Line GFP pIX-GFP. (B) Produced and purified viruses were analyzed for integration of recombinant pIX by western blotting using an anti-pIX antibody. The line numbers represent the same pIX modification as in (A) displayed on the Ad5 vector, while Line 0 represents a native Ad5 without pIX modification.

FIG. 14: Antibody responses in Ad5-pIX vaccinated CD1 mice. (A) pIX modified Ad5 vaccines (striped bars) were tested in CD1 mice (Vaccination timeline IV) and were compared to their unmodified counterparts (plain bars). Adenoviruses (Ad5-MelARV or Ad5-MelARV-ISD displaying native or recombinant pIX) were tested on the foundation of DNA prime-vaccinations, either with DNA-MelARV or DNA-MelARV-ISD. GFP-vaccinated mice served as a negative control. Binding of antibodies to a peptide of the MelARV Env transmembrane subunit p15E were assessed at 450 nm and were normalized to the absorbance of the standard LEV76 control serum. (B) The same serum samples as in (A) were analyzed for binding to B16F10-GP cancer cells. Binding-antibodies were detected with an APC-coupled secondary antibody against mouse IgG using flow cytometry and were quantified by mean fluorescence intensity. LEV76 control serum and secondary antibody only (2.Ab only) served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Bars show the mean of each group (n=5) with SEM. Asterisks indicate significant difference between the groups, with *(P≤0.05); **(P≤0.01); ***(P≤0.001).

FIG. 15: Antibody responses and metastatic count in Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E vaccinated C57BL/6 mice. Mice were vaccinated with Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E or the native version of this virus (Ad5-MelARV) according to Vaccination timeline V. GFP vaccinated mice served as a negative control. (A) Antibody responses against B16F10-GP tumor cells in serum of vaccinated mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. LEV76 control serum was included as a positive control. Tumor cells incubated with only the secondary antibody (2.Ab only) served as a negative control. (B) p15E-specific antibody responses were analyzed by ELISA. The measured absorbance at 450 nm was normalized to the LEV76 control serum. Each group in (A) and (B) contained n=5 mice. The shown values are the mean of each group with SEM. (C) Number of tumor metastases in vaccinated mice upon challenge with B16F10-GP cells. The horizontal line indicates the mean of each group. (D) Correlation between B16F10-GP-specific antibodies and the metastatic count. (E) Correlation of p15E-specific antibodies and the metastatic count. The negative control (GFP control) was not included in the calculation of correlation.

FIG. 16: Vaccine improvement strategy: Chimeric MelARV Env proteins with functional domains to improve display on VLPs. Two modified vaccines were produced with either full length MelARV Env (Ad5-LucSP_MelARV_Ha-TMCT) or p15E alone (Ad5-LucSP_GCN4_p15E_Ha-TMCT). In Ad5-LucSP_MelARV_HA-TMCT the native signal peptide of MelARV Env was exchanged for the luciferase signal peptide (LucSP). Furthermore, the native transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail (TMCT) were changed for the corresponding sequence of Influenza A virus Hemagglutinin H3N2 (HA-TMCT). In Ad5-LucSP_GCN4_p15E_HA-TMCT only p15E was encoded instead of the full length Env protein. p15E likewise contained the HA-TMCT and the LucSP was added at the N-terminus. Additionally, a trimerization sequence (GCN4) was included.

FIG. 17: Expression of MelARV Env on cells upon infection with recombinant Ad5 encoding chimeric MelARV Env proteins. Vaccine viruses with modified MelARV Env sequences (Ad5-LucSPMelARVHa-TMCT and Ad5-LucSP_GCN4_p15E_Ha-TMCT) were tested for expression of the target protein on infected Vero cells. To compare results, Ad5-MelARV and Ad5-MelARV-ISD were included as well. Vero cells were infected with the modified viruses and target protein expression on cells was analyzed with diverse antibodies against MelARV Env: (A) 19F8 (anti-p15E, targeting ISD), (B) 4F5 (anti-p15E), (C) MM2-9B6 (anti-gp70), (D) MM2-3C6 (anti-gp70), (E) MM2-9A3 (anti-gp70). Binding of antibodies to infected cells was detected with respective fluorescent-coupled secondary antibodies by flow cytometry. Bars (with n=1) represent the mean fluorescence intensity elicited by the fluorescent-conjugated antibodies.

FIG. 18: Analysis of target protein expression and VLP release in cells infected with Ad5 encoding chimeric MelARV Env (western blotting): Vero cells were infected with the modified viruses. Cell lysates and released VLPs were analyzed for target protein expression by western blotting with diverse antibodies: (A) anti-p2A (MelARV Gag), (B) 4F5 (anti-p15E), (C) MM2-9B6 (anti-gp70). Additionally supernatant of infected cells was analyzed by western blotting for secretion of p15E (4F5) (D) and gp70 (MM2-9B6) (E). Line 1) Ad5-MelARV, Line 2) Ad5-MelARV-ISD, Line 3) Ad5-LucSP_GCN4_p15E_Ha-TMCT, Line 4) Ad5-LucSP_MelARVHa-TMCT, Line 0 negative control virus. The expected band sizes are listed in Table 6.

FIG. 19: Analysis of target protein expression and VLP release in cells infected with Ad5 encoding chimeric MelARV Env (ELISA): Vero cells were infected with the prototype and modified viruses: Line 1) Ad5-MelARV, Line 2) Ad5-MelARV-ISD, Line 3) Ad5-LucSP_GCN4_p15E_Ha-TMCT, Line 4) Ad5-LucSP_MelARVHa-TMCT, Line Ø negative control virus. ELISA plates were coated with cell lysate, supernatant (SN) or purified VLPs from infected Vero cells. The presence of MelARV Env proteins and Gag proteins was detected by binding of primary antibodies (anti-p2A, MM2-9B6, 4F5 and 19F8). (A) anti-p2A antibodies showed expression of Gag. (B) MM2-9B6 binding visualized expression of the MelARV Env surface subunit gp70. (C) (D) 4F5 and 19F8 (ISD-binding) bound to the transmembrance subunit p15E.

FIG. 20: Shows a comparison with HIV ISD-antibodies.

FIG. 21: Shows a comparison for HIV ISD-T cells, in which

-   ● HIVBgagP2AConBgp140G/CDVSVCT -   HIVBgagP2AConBgp140G/CDISD #4VSVCT -   ▴ HIVBgagP2AConBgp140G/CDISD #19VSVCT -   ♦ HIVBgagP2AConBgp140G/CDG19R(db mut)VSVCT

FIG. 22: Strategy followed to improve the vaccine design: point mutation at the ISD domain (p15E) of the HERV-K Env protein encoded in the vaccine. Glutamine (Q) (see “Ad19_HERV-K”; coding sequence shown in SEQ ID No.43) was mutated to alanine (A) (“HERV—K-ISD; coding sequence shown in SEQ ID No. 44) in order to inactivate the ISD domain that mediates the immunosuppressive effect. Figure modified from (Mangeney et al. 2007).

FIG. 23: Detection of HERV-K Env and Gag proteins (VLPs) from SN and cell lysate of virus transfected cells. Presence of functional Gag (A) and Env (B) proteins in the SN and cell lysate of Ad19_HERV-K WT/ISDmut transfected A549 and VERO cells is highlighted by square boxes. The molecular masses of approximately 90, 80 and 40 kDa were equivalent to HERV-K Gag, HERV-K Env full-length unprocessed precursor (with and without signal peptide), and HERV-K p15E (TM, Env) reported values of 80, 90, 80, and 42 kDa respectively as shown in the following Table:

Molecular weight Protein [kDa] Reference MelARV Gag 65 (Andrawiss et al. 2003) MelARV Env precursor 85 (Opstelten et al. (uncleaved) 1998) [45] MelARV Env 100 (Opstelten et al. 1998) [45] MelARV gp70 (SU, Env) 70 (Opstelten et al. 1998) [45] MelARV p15E(TM, Env) 15 (Opstelten et al. 1998) [45] HERV-K Gag 80 (Tönjes et al. 1999). HERV-K Env precursor 90 (with signal , (uncleaved) peptide) full-length unprocessed 80 (without) precursor HERV-K gp70 (SU, Env) 68 (Dewannieux et al. non-glycosylated proteins 2005) HERV-K p15E(TM, Env) 42 (Dewannieux et al. non-glycosylated proteins 2005)

Moreover, Ad5_MelARVGag protein (65 kDa) was also detected in the cell lysate and SN of both cell lines (A1 and A2), meaning that both HERV-K and MelARV Gag proteins can be recognized by the same rabbit polyclonal anti-p2A antibody.

FIG. 24: Expression of HERV-K Env inside and on the cell surface upon Ad19 HERV-K_WT/ISDmut transfection. HERM-1811 antibody wwas used to show the production and presence of HERV-K Env protein both intracellularly and on the cell surface of A549 infected cells. Ad19 HERV-K Env WT (medium grey transparent)/ISDmut (dark grey transparent) infected cells expressed large amounts of HERV-K Env, whereas cells infected with an Ad5 vector encoding for HERV-K Env (very light grey transparent), showed a lower expression of the target protein suggesting that Ad19 transfection rate may be more efficient than that of Ad5. Cells infected with an irrelevant antigen encoded by an Ad19 vector (light grey) coincide with the uninfected cells (dark grey), and thus did not show any signal.

FIG. 25: ICS analysis of CD8+ T cell responses elicited by Ad19-HERV-K in BALE/c mice. The figures show the overall total number of activated (CD44+) CD8+ T cells secreting TNFα contained in each mouse spleen. (A) Number of IFNγ-positive CD8+ T cells from immunized mice with different adv-vaccines (prime-boost) followed by non-boost (0) and MVA_Env boost regimen. (B) Percentage of IFNγ and TNFα-double positive CD8+ T cells. (C) Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of IFNγ-positive CD8+ T cells.

The mean of each group of mice is indicated by horizontal lines. The asterisks (*) indicate the significant differences, with (P 0.05); **(P≤0.01); ***(P≤0.001).

FIG. 26: Survival curve of tumor-challenged mice receiving a therapeutic vaccination. The efficacy of our Ad19HERV-K WT/ISDmut vaccines (medium grey and dark grey) to reduce or prevent tumor growth and metastasis was tested in BALB/c mice challenged with RENCA cells, expressing HERV-K Env target protein. Our vaccines were compared with an irrelevant vaccine which did not express HERV-K (black), and with an MVA vaccine which did express the target protein (light grey). The lungs of the mice euthanized at day 40 (final endpoint) were blind-ranked regarding the progression of the lung metastasis. Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to analyze the survival of the different groups of vaccinated mice. The survival curves were compared using different statistical tests (Log-rank, Wilcoxon and Tarone-Ware) and were considered significant (*) when p-value<0.05.

FIG. 27. Gating strategy. The black gates with arrows illustrate, which populations were used for gating the following plots. This picture was made from a positive result from BALB/c mice, immunized with an Adv-based vaccine (prime)+MVA Env (boost).

FIG. 28. HERV-K staining of human breast cancer tissue (H841). Tissue samples were obtained from a human mammary tumor. They were sliced at 4 μm and stained with 1:1000 diluted primary antibodies obtained from (A) non-immunized mice (pre-bleed serum) and (B) Ad5_HERV-KEnv primed mice boosted with Ad19_HERV-K_ISD (8 w later) and MVA_Env (2 m later) vaccination regimens. 1:500 diluted biotin-labelled anti-mouse secondary antibody was used subsequently and cancer cells were ultimately stained with hematoxylin/eosin. HERV-K specific staining (dark grey) was clearly visualized in the right histological slide corroborating that high titer HERV-K antibodies from vaccinated mice are able to stain cancer tissue expressing the HERV-K target protein.

FIG. 29: Morphology of VLPs secreted from transfected cells. A549 cells were transfected with Adl9a-HERV-K ISDmut encoding for Gag_p2A_Env proteins. Cells were fixed after 24 h and the released VLPs (circles of approximately 100 nm) were observed using transmission electron microscopy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Below native sequences are shown in which the individual elements of the sequences are indicated as follows:

-   Signal peptide -   Surface subunit -   Transmembrane subunit -   Immunosuppressive domain (ISU/ISD)* -   Transmembrane domain -   Cytoplasmic tail

The present invention covers the below mentioned sequences in which one, two or more of the amino acids in the immunosuppressive domain is exchanged with another naturally occurring amino acid.

1. HERV-K108 (= ERVK-6) having the amino acid sequence for the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 9):

NPTEVYVNDSVWVPGPIDDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYHYPPICLGRAPGCLMPAVQNWL VEVPTVSPICRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFSYQRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEIPKESKNTEV LVWEECVANSAVILQNNEFGTIIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAVDSDLTESLD KHKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKGISTPRPKIVSPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRIWSGNQTLET RDRKPFYTIDLNSSLTVPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLLTCIDSTFNW QHRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWEASPSVHILTEVLKGVLNRSKRFIFTLIAVIMGLIAV TATAAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNDWQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQTVIWMGDRL MSLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRRHLQGREDNLTLDISKLKEQIFEA SKAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCLLLV CRCTQQ LRRDSDHRERAMMTMAVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV And the Gag protein having the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID No. 10): MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQIIEQFCPWFPEQGTLDLKDW KRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVWNDWAIIKAALEPFQTEEDSVSVSDAPGSCIIDCNENTR KKSQKETEGLHCEYVAEPVMAQSTQNVDYNQLQEVIYPETLKLEGKGPELVGPSESKERG TSPLPAGQVPVTLQPQKQVKENKTQPPVAYQYWPPAELQYRPPPESQYGYPGMETAPQGR APYPQPPTRRLNPTAPPSRQGSKLHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVTLEPMETGEGAQEGEP PTVEARYKSFSIKKLKDMKEGVKQYGPNSPYMRILLDSIAHGHRLIPYDWEILAKSSLSP SQFLQFKTWWIDGVQEQVRRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQNWSTISQQALMQNEAIEQVR AICLRAWEKIQDPGSTCPSENTVRQGSKEPYPDFVARLQDVAQKSIADEKARKVIVELMA YENANPECQSAIKPLKGKVPAGSDVISEYVKACDGIGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGVVLGGQVR TFGRKCYNCGQIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTTGREPPDLCPRCKKGKHWASQCRSKFD KNGQPLSGNEQRGQPQAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPQGFQGQQPPLSQVFQGISQLPQYNNCPPP QAAVQQ 2. ERVK-19 having the amino acid sequence for the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 11):

NPIEVYVNDSVWVPGPTDDHCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYRYPPICLGRAPGCLMPAVQNWL VEVPTVSPISRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFSYQRSFKFRPKGKPCPKEIPKESKNTEV LVWEECVANSAVILQNNEFGTIIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAVDSDLTESLD KHKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKGISTPRPKIISPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRIWSGNQTLET RDRKPFYTVDLNSSVTVPLQSCIKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLLTCIDSTFNW QHRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWETSPSIHTLTEVLKGVLNRSKRFIFTLIAVIMGLIAV TATAAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNDWQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQTVIWMGDRL MSLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFSITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRRHLQGREDNLTLDISKLKEQIFEA SKAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCLLL VCRCTQQ LRRDSDHRERAMMTMAVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV and the Gag protein having the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID No. 12): MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQIIEQFCPWFPEQGTLDLKDW KRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVWNDWAIIKAALEPFQTEEDSVSVSDAPGSCIIDCNENTR KKSQKETESLHCEYVAEPVMAQSTQNVDYNQLQEVIYPETLKLEGKVPELVGPSESKPRG TSRLPAGQVPVTLQPQTQVKENKTQPPVAYQYWPPAELQYRPPLESQYGYPGMPPAPQGR APYPQPPTRRLNPTAPPSRRGSELHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVTLEPMPPGEGAQEGEP PTVEARYKSFSIKMLKDMKEGVKQYGPNSPYMRTLLDSIAHGHRLIPYDWEILAKSSLSP SQFLQFKTWWIDGVQEQVRRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQNWSTISQQALMQNEAIEQVR AlCLRAWEKIQDPGSTCPSFNIVRQGSKEPYPDFVARLQDVAQKSIAIEKARKVIVELMA YENPNPECQSAIKPLKGKVPAGSDVISEYVKACDGMGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGVVLGGQVR TFGGKCYNCGQIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTTGREPPDLCPRCKKGKEWASQCRSKFD KNGQPLSGNEQRGQPQAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPHGFQGQQPPLSQVFQGISQLPQYNNCPPP QAAVQQ 3. HERV-K115 (= ERVK-8) having the amino acid sequence for the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 13):

NPIEVYVNDSVWVPGP1DDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYRYPPICLGRAPGCLMPAVQNWL VEVPTVSPISRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFSYQRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEIPKESKNTEV LVWEECVANSAVILQNNEFGTIIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAVDSDLTESLD KHKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKRISTPRPKIVSPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRIWSGNQTLET RDRKPFYTVDLNSSLTLPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLLTCIDSTFNW QHRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWEASPSVHILTEVLKGVLNRSKRFIFTLIAVIMGLIAV TATAAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNDGQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQTVIWMGDRL MSLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNDSEHHWDMVRRHLQGREDNLTLDISKLKEQIFEA SKAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCLLL VCRCTQQ LRRDSDHRERAMMTMAVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV And the Gag protein has the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID No. 14): MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQIIEQFCPWFPEQGTLDLKDW KRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVWNDWAIIKAALEPFQTEEDSISVSDAPGSCLIDCNENTR KKSQKETESLHCEYVAEPVMAQSTQNVDYNQLQEVIYPETLKLEGKGPELVGPSESKPRG TSPLPAGQVPVTLQPQKQVKENKTQPPVAYQYWPPAELQYRPPPESQYGYPGMPPAPQGR EPYPQPPTRRLNPTAPPSRQGSELHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVTLEPMPPGEGAQEGEP PTVEARYKSFSIKMLKDMKEGVKQYGPNSPYMRTLLDSIAHGHRLIPYDWEILAKSSLSP SQFLQFKTWWIDGVQEQVRRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQNWSTISQQALMQNEAIEQVR AlCLRAWEKIQDPGSTCPSFNTVRQGSKEPYPDFVARLQDVAQKSIADEKARKVIVELMA YENANPECQSAIKPLKGKVPAGSDVISEYVKACDGIGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGVVLGGQVR TFGGKCYNCGQIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTTGREPPDLCPRCKKGKHWASQCRSKFD KNGQPLSGNEQRGQPQAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPQGFQDNNPHCPKCFRE 4. ERVK-9 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 15):

NPIEVYVNDSVWVPGPIDDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYRYPICLGRAPGCLMPAVQNWLV EVPIVSPICRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFSYQRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEIPKESKNTEVL VWEECVANSAVILQNNEFGTIIDWTPQGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAVDSDLTESLDK HKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKGISTPRPKIISPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRIWSGNQTLETR DRKPFYTVDLNSSLTLPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLLTCIDSTFNWQ HRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWEASPSIHILTEVLKGVLNRSKRFIFTLIAVIMGLIAVT ATAAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNDGQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQTVIWMGDRLM SLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRRHLQGREDNLTLDISKLKEQIFEAS KAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCLLL VCRCTQQL RRDSDHRERAMMTMAVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV and an amino acid sequence of the Gag protein (SEQ ID No. 16): MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQIIEQFCPWFPEQGTLDLKDW KRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVWNDWAIIKAALEPFQTEEDSISVSDAPGSGIIDCNEKTR KKSQKETESLHCEYVAEPVMAQSTQNVDYNQLQEVIYPETLKLEGKGPELVGPSESKPRG TSPLPAGQVPVTLQPQKQVKENKTQPPVAYQYWPPAELQYRPPPESQYGYPGMPPAPQGR APYPQPPTRRLNPTAPPSRQGSELHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVTLEPMPPGEGAQEGEP PTVEARYKSFSIKILKDMKEGVKQYGPNSPYMRTLLDSIAHGHRLIPYDWEILAKSSLSP SQFLQFKTWWIDGVQEQVRRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQNWSTISQQALMQNEAIEQVR AlCLRAWEKIQDPGSTCPSFNTVRQGSKEPYPDEVARLQDVAQKSIADEKARKVIVELMA YENANPECQSAIKPLKGKVPAGSDVISEYVKACDGIGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGVVLGGQVR TFGGKCYNCGQIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTTGREPPDLCPRCKKGKHWASQCRSKFD KNGQPLSGNEQRGQPQAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPQGFQGQQPPLSQVFQGISQLPQYNNCPPP QVAVQQ 5. HERV-K113 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 17):

NPIEIYVNDSVWVPGPTDDCCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYRYPPICLGRAPGCLMPAVQNWL VEVPTVSPISRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFSYQRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEIPKESKNTEV LVWEECVANSAVILQNNEFGTLIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAVDSDLTESLD KHKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKGISTARPKIISPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRIWSGNQTLET RDRKPFYTIDLNSSLTVPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLLTCIDSTFNW QHRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWEASPSVHILTEVLKGVLNRSKRFIFTLIAVIMGLIAV TATAAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNDWQNNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQTVIWMGDRL MSLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRCHLQGREDNLTLDISKLKEQIFEA SKAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNTVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCLLL VYRCTQQ LRRDSDHRERAMMTMVVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV and an amino acid sequence of the Gag protein (SEQ ID No. 18): MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQIIEQFCPWFPEQGTLDLKDW KRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVWNDWAIIKAALEPFQTEEDSVSVSDAPGSCIIDCNEKTR KKSQKETESLHCEYVAEPVMAQSTQNADYNQLQEVIYPETLKLEGKGPELMGPSESKPRG TSPLPAGQVPVTLQPQKQVKENKTQPPVAYQYWPPAELQYQPPPESQYGYPGMPPAPQGR APYPQPPTRRLNPTAPPSRQGSELHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVTLELMPPGEGAQEGEP PTVEARYKSFSIKMLKDMKEGVKQYGPNSPYMRTLLDSIAHGHRLIPYDWEILAKSSLSP SQFLQFKTWWIDGVQEQVRRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQNWSTISQQALMQNEAIEQVR AICLRAWEKIQDPGSTCPSFNTVRQGSKEPYPDFVARLQDVAQKSIADEKARKVIVELMA YENANPECQSAIKPLKGKVPAGSDVISEYVKACDGMGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGVVLGGQVR TFGGKCYNCGQIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTTGREPPDLCPRCKKGKHWASQCRSKFD KNGQPLSGNEQRGQPQAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPQGFQGQQPPLSQVFQGISQLPQYNNCPPP QAAVQQ 6. ERVK-21 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 19):

PIEVYVNDSVWVHGPIDDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYHYPPICLGRAPGCLMPAVQNWLV EVPTVSPISRFTYNMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFSYQRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEIPKESKNTEVL VWEECVANSVVILQNNEFGTIIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAVDSDLTESLDK HKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKGISTPRPKIISPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRIWSGNQTLETR DRKPFYTVDLNSSLTVPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLLTCIDSTFNWQ HRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWEASPSIHILTEVLKGVLNRSKRFIFTLIAVIMGLIAVT AMAAVAGVALHSFVQSVNFVNDWQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQTVIWMGDRLM SLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRRHLQGREDNLTLDISKLKEQIFEAS KAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCLLL VCRCTQQL RRDSDHRERAMMTMVVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 20): MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQIIEQFCPWFPEQGTLDLKDW KRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVWNDWAIIKAALEPFQTEEDSISVSDAPGSCIIDCNENTR KKSQKETEGLHCEYAAEPVMAQSTQNVDYNQLQEVIYPETLKLEGKGPELVGPSESKPRG TSPLPAGQVPVTLQPQTQVKENKTQPPVAYQYWPPAELQYRPPPESQYGYPGMPPAPQGR APYPQPPTRRLNPTAPPSRQGSELHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVMLEPMPPGEGAQEGEP PTVEARYKSFSIKMLKDMKEGVKQYGPNSPYMRTLLDSIAHGHRLIPYDWEILAKSSLLP SQFLQFKTWWIDGVQEQVQRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQNWSTISQQALMQNEAIEQVR AlCLRAWEKIQDPGSTCPSFNTVRQSSKEPYPDFVARLQDVAQKSIADEKARKVIVELMA YENANPECQSAIKPLKGKVPAGSDVISEYVKACDGIGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGVVLGGQVR TFGGKCYNCGQIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTTGREPPDLCPRCKKGKHWASQCRSKFD KNGQPLSGNEQRGQPQAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPQGFQGQQPPLSQVFQGISQLPQYNNCPPP QAAVQQ 7. ERVK-25 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 21):

NPIEVYVNDSVWVPGPIDDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYRYPPICLGTAPGCLMPAVQNWL VEVPIVSPISRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFSYQRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEIPKESKNTEV LVWEECVANSAVILQNNEFGTIIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAVDSDLTESLD KHKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKGISTPRPKIVSPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRIWSGNQTLET RDRKPFYTVDLNSSLTVPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLLTCIDSTFNW QHRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWEASPSIHILTEVLKGVLNRSKRFIFTLIAVIMGLIAV TATGAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNDWQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQTVIWMGDRL MSLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRRHLQGREDNLTLDISKLKEQIFKA SKAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCLLL VCRCTQQ L 8. HERV-K102 = ERVK-7 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 22):: MVTPVTWMDNPIEIYVNDSVWVPGPIDDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYRYPPICLGRAPGC LMPAVQNWLVEVPTVSPISRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFSYQRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEI PKESKNTEVLVWEECVANSAVILQNNEFGTIIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAV DSDLTESLDKHKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKRISTPRPKIVSPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRI WSGNQTLETRDCKPFYTIDLNSSLTVPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLL SCIDSTFNWQHRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWEASPSVHILTEVLKGVLNRSKRFIFTLI AVIMGLIAVTATAAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNDWQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQ TVIWMGDRLMSLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRRHLQGREDNLTLDIS KLKEQIFEASKAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCL LL VCRCTQQLRRDSDHRERAMMTMAVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV And having an amino acid sequence of the Gag protein (SEQ ID No. 23): MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQIIEQFCPWFPEQGTLDLKDW KRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVWNDWAIIKAALEPFQTEKDSVSVSDALGSCIIDCNENTR KKSQKETEGLHCEYVAEPVMAQSTQNVDYNQLQEVIYPETLKLEGKGPELVGPSESKPRG TSHLPAGQVPVTLQPQKQVKENKTQPPVAYQYWPPAELQYRPPPESQYGYPGMPPAPQGR APYPQPPTRRLNPTAPPSRQGSELHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVTLEPMPPGEGAQEGEP PTVEARYKSFSIKMLKDMKEGVKQYGPNSPYMRTLLDSIAHGHRLIPYDWEILAKSSLSP SQFLQFKTWWIDGVQEQVRRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQNWSTISQQALMQNEAIEQVR AICLRAWEKIQDPGSTCPSFNTVRQGSKEPYPDFVARLQDVAQKSIADEKARKVIVELMA YENANPECQSAIKPLKGKVPAGSDVISEYVKACDGIGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGVVLGGQVR TFGGKCYNCGQIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTTGREPPDLCPRCKKGKHWASQCRSKFD KNGQPLSGNEQRGQPQAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPQGFQEQQPPLSQVFQGISQLPQYNNCPPP QAAVQQ 9. HERV-K101 = ERVK-24 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 24): MVTPVTWMDNPIEVYVNDSEWVPGPTDDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYRYPPICLGTAPGC LMPAVQNWLVEVPIVSPISRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFPYQRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEI PKESKNTEVLVWEECVANSAVILQNNEFGTIIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAV DSDLTESLDKHKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKGISTPRPKIISPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRI WSGNQTLETRDRKPFYTVDLNSSLTLPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLL TCIDSTFNWQHRILLVRAREGVWILVSMDRPWEASPSVHILTEVLKGVLNRSKRFIFTLI AVIMGLIAVTATGAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNDWQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANQINDLRQ TVIWMGDRLMSLEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRHHLQGREDNLTLDIS KLKEQIFEASKAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCL LL VCRCTQQLRRDSDHRERAMMTMAVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV And having an amino acid sequence of the Gag protein (SEQ ID No. 25): MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQIIEQFCPWFPEQGTLDLKDW KRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVWNDWAIIKAALEPFQTEEDSVSVSDAPGSCLIDCNEKTR KKSQKETESLHCEYVAEPVMAQSTQNVDYNQLQEVIYPETLKLEGKGPELVGPSESKPRG TSPLPAGQVPVTLQPQKQVKENKTQPPVAYQYWPPAELQYRPPPESQYGYPGMPPAPQGR APYPQPPTRRLNPTAPPSRQGSELHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVTLEPMPPGEGAQEGEP PTVEARYKSFSIKMLKDMKEGVKQYGPNSPYMRTLLDSIAYGHRLIPYDWEILAKSSLSP SQFLQFKTWWIDGVQEQVRRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQNWSTISQQALMQNEAIEQVR AlCLRAWEKIQDPGSACPSFNTVRQGSKEPYPDFVARLQDVAQKSIADEKARKVIVELMA YENANPECQSAIKPLKGKVPAGSDVISEYVKACDGIGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGVVLGGQVR TFGGKCYNCGQIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTTGREPPDLCPRCKKGKHWASQCRSKFD KNGQPLSGNEQRGQPQAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPQGFQGQQPPLSQVFQGISQLPQYNNCPLP QAAVQQ 10. HERV-K110 = ERVK-18 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 26): MVTPVTWMDNPIEVYVNDSVWVPGPTDDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYHYPPICLGRAPGC LMPAVQNWLVEVPTVSPNSRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNCLQDFSYQRSLKFRPKGKTCPKEI PKGSKNTEVLVWEECVANSVVILQNNEFGTIIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAV DSDLTESLDKHKHKKLQSFYLWEWEEKGISTPRPKIISPVSGPEHPELWRLTVASHHIRI WSGNQTLETRYRKPFYTIDLNSILTVPLQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPASQTITCENCRLF TCIDSTFNWQHRILLVRAREGMWIPVSTDRPWEASPSIHILTEILKGVLNRSKRFIFTLI AVIMGLIAVTATAAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFVNYWQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLASQINDLRQ TVIWMGDRLMTLEHHFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRRHLQGREDNLTLDIS KLKEQIFEASKAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANLNPVTWIKTIRSTMIINLILIVVCLFCL LL VCRCTQQLRRDSDIENGP 11. HERV-H19 = HERV-H 2q24.3 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 27):

VNNCWLCISLSSSAYTAVPAVQTDWATSPISLHLRTSFNSPHLYPPEELIYFLDRSSKTS PDISHQQAAALLRTYLKNLSPYINSTPPIFGPLTTQTTIPVAAPLCISWQRPTGIPLGNL SPSRCSFTLHLRSPTTNINETIGAFQLHITDKPSINTDKLKNISSNYCLGRHLPCISLHP WLSSPCSSDSPPRPSSCLLIPSPENNSERLLVDTRRFLIHHENRTFPSTQLPHQSPLQPL TAAALAGSLGVWVQDTPFSTPSHLFTLHLQFCLAQGLFFLCGSSTYMCLPANWTGTCTLV FLTPKIQFANGTEELPVPLMTPTQQKRVIPLIPLMVGLGLSASTVALGTGIAGISTSVMT FRSLSNDFSASITDISQTLSVLQAQVDSLAAVVLQNRRGLDLLTAEKGGLCIFLNEECCF YLNQSGLVYDNIKKLKDRAQKLANQASNYAEPPWALSNWMSWVLPIVSPLIPIFLLLLFG PCIF RLVSQFIQNRIQAITNHSIRQMFLLTSPQYHPLPQDLPSA 12. HERV-H 2q24.1 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 28):

ANNCWLCISLSSSAYIAVPTLQTDRATSPVSLHLRTSFNSPHLYPPEELIYFLDRSSKTS PDISHQPAAALLHIYLKNLSPYINSTPPIFGPLTTQTTIPVAAPLCISRQRPTGIPLGNI SPSRCSFTLHLQSPTTHVTETIGVFQLHIIDKPSINTDKLKNVSSNYCLGRHLPYISLHP WLPSPCSSDSPPRPSSCLLTPSPQNNSERLLVDTQRFLIHHENRTSSSMQLAHQSPLQPL TAAALAGSLGVWVQDTPFSTPSHPFSLHLQFCLTQGLFFLCGSSTYMCLPANWTGTCTLV FLTPKIQFANGTKELPVPLMTLTPQKRVIPLIPLMVGLGLSASTIALSTGIAGISTSVTT FRSPSNDFSASITDISQTLSVLQAQVDSLAAVVLQNRRGLGLSILLNEECCFYLNQSGLV YENIKKLKDRAQKLANQASNYAESPWALSNWMSWVLPILSPLIPIFLLLLFGPCIF HLVS QFIQNRIQAITNHSI And having an amino acid sequence of the Gag protein (SEQ ID No. 29): MGNLPPSIPPSSPLACVLKNLKPLQLTPDLKPKCLIFFCNTAWPQYKLDNGSKWPENGTFDFSILQDLNNFCRKMGK WSEVPYVQAFFTLRSLPSLCSQCDASQILLLSLPPVPSVPTPSVAESFRSSFSTDPSDLSPPPQAARRQAELGPNSS SASAPPPYNLFIASPPHTWSGLQFHSMTSLPPPAQQFTLKKVAGAKGIVKVNAPFSLSQIR 13. HERV-W . ERVW-1 = Syncytin-1 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 30):

TFTAHTHMPRNCYHSATLCMHANTRYWTGKMINPSCPGGLGVTVCWTYFTQTGMSDGGGV QDQAREKHVKEVISQLTRVHGTSSPYKGLDLSKLHETLRTHTRLVSLFNTTLTGLHEVSA QNPTNCWICLPLNFRPYVSIPVPEQWNNFSTEINTTSVLVGPLVSNLEITHTSNLTCVKF SNTTYTTNSQCIRWVTPPTQIVCLPSGIFFVCGTSAYRCLNGSSESMCFLSFLVPPMTIY TEQDLYSYVISKPRNKRVPILPFVIGAGVLGALGTGIGGITTSTQFYYKLSQELNGDMER VADSLVTLQDQLNSLAAVVLQNRRALDLLTAERGGTCLFLGEECCYYVNQSGIVTEKVKE IRDRIQRRAEELRNTGPWGLLSQWMPWILPFLGPLAAIILLLLFGPCIFNLLVNFVSSRI EAVKLQMEPKMQSKTKIYRRPLDRPASPRSDVNDIKGTPPEEISAAQPLLRPNSAGSS 14. HERV-FRD . ERVFRD-1 = Syncytin-2 having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 31):

SPREWTSIEAELHISYRWDPNLKGLMRPANSLLSTVKQDFPDIRQKPPIFGPIFTNINLM GIAPICVMAKRKNGTNVGTLPSTVCNVTFTVDSNQQTYQTYTHNQFRHQPRFPKPPNITF PQGTLLDKSSRFCQGRPSSCSTRNFWFRPADYNQCLQISNLSSTAEWVLLDQTRNSLFWE NKTKGANQSQTPCVQVLAGMTIATSYLGISAVSEFFGTSLTPLFHFHISTCLKTQGAFYI CGQSIHQCLPSNWTGTCTIGYVTPDIFIAPGNLSLPIPIYGNSPLPRVRRAIHFIPLLAG LGILAGTGTGIAGITKASLTYSQLSKEIANNIDTMAKALTTMQEQIDSLAAVVLQNRRGL DMLTAAQGGICLALDEKCCFWVNQSGKVQDNIRQLLNQASSLRERATQGWLNWEGTWKWF SWVLPLTGPLVSLLLLLLF GPCLLNLITQFVSSRLQAIKLQTNLSAGRHPRNIQESPF 15. HERV-E having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein (SEQ ID No. 32 and 33): MQKLIMGFIFLKFWTYTVRASTDLTQTGDCSQCIHQVTEVGQQIKTMFLFYSYYKCIGTLKETCLYNATQYNVCSPG NDRPDVCYNPSEPPATTIFEIRIRTGLFLGDTSKIITRTEEKEIPKQITLRFDACAAINSKKLGIGCDSLNWERSYR IKNKYVCHESGVCENCAYWPCVIWATWKKNKKDPVYLQKGEANPSCAAGHCNPLELIITNPLDPHWKKGERVTLGID GTGLNPQVAILIRGEVHKCSPKPVFQTFYKELNLPAPEFPKKTKNLFLQLAENVAHSLNVTSCYVCGGTTIGDRWPW EARELVPTDPAPDIIPVQKTQASNFWVLKTSIIGQYCIAREGKDFIIPVGKLNCIGQKLYNSTTKTITWWGINHTEK NPFSKFSKLKTAWAHPESHQDWMAPAGLYWICGHRAYIRLPNK* MLNRIIRLQAILEIITNETGRALTVLARQETQTRNAIYQNRLALDYLLAAEGGVCGKFNLTNYCLQIDDQGQVVENI VRDMAKVAHVPVQVWHKFNPESLFGKWFPAIGGFKTLIVGVLLVIGTCLLLPCVLPLL FQMIKYFVVTLVHQKTSAH VYYTNHYRSISQRD And having an amino acid sequence of the Gag protein (SEQ ID No. 34 to 38): TPLGTMLKNFKKGFNGDYGVTMTPGKLRTLCEIDWPTLEVGWPSEGSLDGSLVSKVWHKVTSKSGHSDQFPYIDTWL QLVLDPPQWLRGQAAAVLVAKGQIVKEGFCSTR*GKSTPEVLFDQTSEDPLQEMAPVIPVLPSPYQGERLPTFESTV LAPLPDKCIPRPLRVDKRGGEASGETPPLAAHLRPKTGIQMPLREQQYTGIDEDGHMVESRVFVYQPFTSADLLNWK NNTPSYTEKPQALIDLLQTIIQTHNPTWADCHQLLMFLFKTDER*RVLQAATKWLEEHALADYQNPQEYVRTQLPGT DPQWDPN*REDMQRLNRYRKALLEGLKRRAQKATNINKVSEVIQGKEESPAKFHERLCEAYCMYTPFDPDSPENQRM INMALVSQSTEDIRRKLQKKAGFAGMNTSQLLEIANQVFVNRDAASRKETT*RMNVRPGETRLLAAAIRGVPPKEAR QKGGPGKETQPGCQSLQCNQCAYRKEIGYWKNKCPQLKGKQGDSEQEAPDKEEGALLNLAEGLLD* 16. HERV-E having an amino acid sequence of the Env protein(SEQ ID No. 339):

YKVCSPGNDRPDVCYNPSEPPATTVFEIRLRTGLFLGDTSKIITRTVEKGIPKQITLRFDARAAINSNKL GTRCGSLNWERSYTVQNKYVCHESGVCENCAFWPCVIWATWKKNKKDPVHLQKGEANPSCAAGHCNPLEL IITNPLDPPWKKGERVTLGIDGTGLNPQVAILVRGEVHKRSPKPVFQTFYEELNLPAPELPKKTKSLFLQ LAGNVAHSLNVTSCYVCRGTTIGDRWPWEARELVPTDPAPDIIPVQKAQASNFWVLKTSIIGQYCIAREG KEFIVPVGKLNCIGQKLYNSTTKTITWWGLNHTEKNPFSKFSKLKTAWAHPESHQDWTAPTGLYRICGHT AYIQLPNKWAGSCVIGTIKLSFFLLPIKTGELLGFRVYTSREKRGIVIGNWKDNEWPPERIIQYYGPATW VQDGSWGYQTPIYMLNQIIRLQTVLEIITNETGRALTVLARQETQMRNAIYQNRLALDYLLAAEGGVCGK FNLTNCCLQIDDQGQVIENIVRDMTKLAHTPIQVWHKFDPESLFGKWFPAIGGFKTLIVGVLLVIRTCLL LPCVLPLL FQMIKGIVATLVHQKTSAHVNYMNHYRSISQRDSKSEDESENSH And having an amino acid sequence of the Gag protein (SEQ ID No. 40): MLKNFKKGFNGDYGVTMTPGKLRILCEIDWPTLEVGWPSEGSLDRSLVSKVWHKVTGKSGHSDQFPYIDT WLLQLVQDPPQWLRGQAAAVLVAKGQIAKEGSRSTHWGKSTPEVLFDPTSEDPLQEMAPVIPVLPSPYQA ERLPTFEPTVLVPPQDKHIPRPPRVDKRGGEASGETPPLAACLRPKTGIQMPLREQRYTGIEEDGHMVEK RVFVYQPFTSANLLNWKNNTLSYTEKPQALIDLLQTIIQTHNSTRADCHQLLMFLFNTDERQRVLQAATK WVQEHAPADYQNPQECVRTQLPGTDPQWDPNEREDMQRLNRDREAVLEGLKRGAQKATNVNKVSEVIRGK EESPAQFYQRLCEGYRMYTPFDPVSPENQRMVNMALVSQSAEDIRRKLQKQDGFAGTNTSQLLEVANQVF VNRDAVSPKENRRENERQARRNAELLAAAVGGVSSKRQGKGGPGKETQPGCQSLQCNQCAYCKEIGYWKN KCPQLKGKQGDLEQEVPDKEEGALLNLAEELLD

The target cancer for HERV-K is prostate cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lymphomas, melanomas, leukemia and sarcomas. The target cancer for HERV-H is colorectal cancer. The target cancer for HERV-W is testicular cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lymphomas and leukemia, and the target cancer for HERV-E is lung cancer and liver cancer.

EXAMPLES

The materials and methods indicated below is common for the subsequent examples.

The prototype vaccines (DNA-MelARV and Ad5-MelARV) comprised of a DNA plasmid (768tet) or an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) which encoded the gene MelARVgag_p2A_env under the strong human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (CMV promoter). This gene simultaneously expressed the MelARV proteins Gag and Env linked via the self-cleavable peptide p2A. While Gag induced formation of virus-like particles (VLPs), the target protein Env was integrated into the forming VLPs.

Further, vaccines were designed to target the envelope (Env) protein of the human endogenous retroviruses type K (HERV-K or HML-2) expressed in tumor cells, and they were tested for induction of cellular and humoral immune responses and anticancer efficacy.

The designed vaccines comprise either a DNA plasmid (768tet), an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), or an adenovirus type 19 (Ad19a), each of them encoding the group-specific antigen (Gag) and Env genes (HERV-KGagp2A_Env) under the strong human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter (CMV promoter). These two proteins are expressed concurrently with the self-cleavable peptide p2A as linker, which remains associated to the Gag protein involved in virus-like particle (VLP) formation. The Env protein is incorporated to the forming VLPs, and it serves as a target to generate specific immune responses.

To improve the vaccine regarding induction of immune responses an inactivating mutation of the ISD in the vaccine-encoded MelARV Env was prepared to prevent immunosuppressive effects by the vaccine itself. Two point mutations were induced in the sequence of the Env transmembrane subunit p15E. A glutamic acid at position 14 of the ISD was substituted with arginine and an alanine at position 20 was changed to phenylalanine (FIG. 3).

In the HERV-K vaccine, the immune response induced by the vaccine was enhanced by introducing a point mutation in the immunosuppressive domain (ISD) of the transmembrane (TM) subunit of HERV-K Env protein, namely p15E. This modification involved the replacement of glutamine at position 52 of the ISD with alanine (Schlecht-Louf et al. 2010) (see FIG. 22). This change triggered the inactivation of the domain in order to prevent the vaccine itself from producing immunosuppressive effects.

Cell Culture

Various cell lines were used in the different experiments. All cell lines were maintained at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ in a humidified atmosphere.

HEK293:

HEK293 originates from a human embryonal kidney culture and was generated by a transformation with sheared adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) DNA [ATCC. 293 (HEK-293]. [cited 2017 Jun. 8]; Available from: https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/Products/All/CRL-1573.aspx?geo_country=de.]. Advantages of this cell line include easy growth and efficient transfection. Another benefit is the expression of the Ad5 E1 gene [Kovesdi, I. and S. J. Hedley, Adenoviral producer cells. Viruses, 2010. 2(8): p. 1681-703.]. Recombinant Ad5 vaccines are usually administered replication deficient which means that they are deleted in genes essential for viral replication, such as E1. In this case the lacking genes have to be provided externally during virus production. HEK293 cells provide the replication-required proteins and can therefore be used as producer cells during virus production [Kovesdi, I. and S. J. Hedley, Adenoviral producer cells. Viruses, 2010. 2(8): p. 1681-703.]. In the current experiments, HEK293 cells were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), L-glutamine (2 mM), Na-Pyruvate (1 mM) and penicillin+streptavidin (Pen/Strep)

HEK293 T-REx_Avtoxic (Avtoxic cells):

Avtoxic cells are modified HEK293 cells, which are used to prevent expression of Ad5-encoded recombinant proteins during viral production. Inhibiting expression of these recombinant proteins is required, because some of the encoded target proteins are toxic to HEK293 cells and interfere with virus production [Cottingham, M. G., et al., Preventing spontaneous genetic rearrangements in the transgene cassettes of adenovirus vectors. Biotechnol Bioeng, 2012. 109(3): p. 719-28.]. HEK293 cells were modified in two steps to include different protein-suppressive mechanisms. The first mechanism included suppression by the T-REx system [Fisher, T. Inducible Protein Expression—T-REx™ System. 2011 [cited 2017 Jun. 8]; Available from: https://www.thermofisher.com/dk/en/home/references/protocols/pro teins-expression-isolation-and-analysis/protein-expression-protocol/inducible-protein-expression-using-the-trex-system.html]. T-REx-293 cells were genetically modified to express the tetracycline repressor protein (Tet repressor), which binds to and suppresses the Tet operator. This leads to the expression of recombinant target proteins under control of the strong CMV promoter.

Since the T-REx system is not completely effective in preventing target protein expression, the T-REx-293 cell line was further modified by Sirion Biotech GmbH (Martinsried, Germany). The new cell line HEK293_T-REx_Avtoxic (Avtoxic cells) expresses a short hairpin RNA (shRNA), which targets a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence called p2TS that is transcribed together with the target protein. The shRNA causes degradation of p2TS containing mRNA and thus further suppression of the recombinant protein. Avtoxic cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, L-glutamine (2 mM), Na-Pyruvate (1 mM) and Pen/Strep.

HEK293(CCS)-Shmir-pIX 221-Puro (pIX-Cells):

pIX-cells are modified HEK293 cells used for production of Ad5-pIX viruses that display an antigen on the viral capsid protein pIX. The natural pIX protein is encoded by the adenoviral E1 gene expressed in HEK293 cells. To prevent integration of native pIX into the viral particle and to facilitate incorporation of recombinant pIX, HEK293 encoded pIX was suppressed by shRNA expression in pIX cells. Transcription of shRNA during virus production was induced by doxycycline. Additionally, cells were transduced with a pac gene encoding puromycin N-acetyl-transferase (PAC), which enables selection of shRNA-expressing cells with puromycin. Thus, cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, L-glutamine (2 mM), Na-Pyruvate (1 mM), Pen/Strep and 0.5 μg/mL puromycin.

B16F10-GP:

The B16 cell line is a murine melanoma cell line that originates from the C57BL/6J mouse strain [ATCC. B16-F10. [cited 2017 Jun. 8]; Available from: https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/Products/All/CRL-6475.aspx?geo_country=de]. B16F10 is a variant which is more proliferative and frequently used to analyze metastasis in C57BL/6 mice. It was obtained by 10 successive selection rounds for lung metastases after i.v. injections of B16 cells into mice [Fidler, I. J., Selection of successive tumour lines for metastasis. Nat New Biol, 1973. 242(118): p. 148-9., Fidler, I. J. and G. L. Nicolson, Organ selectivity for implantation survival and growth of B16 melanoma variant tumor lines. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1976. 57(5): p. 1199-202.]. The cell line used in the experiments, B16F10-GP, expresses additionally the immunodominant epitope of the glycoprotein (GP33-41) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) [Prèvost-Blondel, A., et al., Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Exhibiting High Ex Vivo Cytolytic Activity Fail to Prevent Murine Melanoma Tumor Growth In Vivo. The Journal of Immunology, 1998. 161(5): p. 2187-2194.]. Cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, L-glutamine (2 mM), Na-Pyruvate (1 mM) and Pen/Strep.

CT26:

CT26 is a mouse colon carcinoma cell line, derived from the Balb/C mouse strain and was obtained from Dr. Anders Elm Pedersen. This cell line was used to test primary tumor growth in mice [ATCC. CT26.WT. [cited 2017 Jun. 8]; Available from: https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/products/all/CRL-2638.aspx?geo_country=de#generalinformation]. Cells were maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, L-glutamine (2 mM), Na-Pyruvate (1 mM) and Pen/Strep.

4T1-Luc:

4T1 is a murine breast cancer cell line originating from the Balb/C mouse strain. When injected into the mammary fat pad of mice, cells form primary tumors that metastasize to the lung, liver, lymph nodes and brain [ATCC. 4T1. [cited 2017 Aug. 4]; Available from: https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/Products/All/CRL-2539.aspx?geo_country=de#characteristics]. The cell line was stably transfected with a luciferase reporter protein (Luc). Cells were maintained in RPMI supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, L-glutamine (2 mM), Na-Pyruvate (1 mM) and Pen/Strep.

Vero Cells:

Vero cells are a primate kidney cell line from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) [ATCC. Vero. [cited 2017 Jun. 8]; Available from: https://www.lgcstandards-atcc.org/products/all/CCL-81.aspx?geo_country=de#characteristics]. This cell line is highly transducible by human Ad5 infection without supportive production of new virions and was therefore used to analyze protein expression and VLP release by the Ad5-vaccine. Cells were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, L-glutamine (2 mM), Na-Pyruvate (1 mM) and Pen/Strep.

A549 cells are human lung epithelial cells appropriate for hosting virus transfection. Therefore, A549 cells were used for adenovirus transfection containing the sequence of interest for VLP production. The secretion of VLPs was analysed through Western blot (WB) technique, and their presence at the cell surface was detected using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and visualized using electronic microscopy (EM). These cells were maintained in Kaighn's Modification of Ham's F-12 Medium (Ham's F-12K media) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, Pen/Strep, and sodium pyruvate (1 mM).

Renca cells expressing Gag and Env proteins. Renca cells are mouse (Mus musculus) kidney epithelial cells. They are derived from a renal adenocarcinoma in balb/c mice. The tumor growth and progression resembles accurately the one observed in human renal cell carcinoma, especially mimicking the spontaneous metastasis to the liver and the lungs. The cells used in the following examples were kindly provided by Prof. Dr. Barbara Schnierle (Langen, Germany). In some of the following examples the cells were modified in order to express the human endogenous retrovirus type K (HERV-K) Env or Gag proteins. This allowed to induce tumors that express HERV-K proteins in mice, creating an appropriate murine model for testing our novel vaccination strategy directed to human cancers expressing ERV proteins. These cells were maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI-1640) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 20×106 IU/L Pen and 5 g/L Strep, 2.9 g/L L-glutamine (2 mM), and 3.7 g/L sodium pyruvate (1 mM) at pH 7.2.

Primary cultures of chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) are extensively used for virus culture. Eleven day old chicken eggs from Jens Toft, Lohmann (Denmark) were used to prepare CEF cultures according to the protocol from (Staib et al. 2004). In this case, CEF cells were used for the production of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) encoding for HERV-K Env and Gag foreign antigens. The reason for working with this specific type of cells is that MVA replication is limited to avian cells, meaning that MVA does not reproduce in the majority of mammalian cells, and making them not suitable for this purpose (Altenburg et al. 2014). CEF cells were cultured in CEF medium consisting of RPMI supplemented with 3.7 g/L sodium pyruvate, 10% heat-inactivated FBS, and 1% (v/v) antibiotic-antimycotic (Gibco™, 15240062).

Baby Hamster Kidney fibroblasts (BHK-21 cells) were originally derived from baby syrian golden hamster kidney cells (Mesocricetus auratus). The specific cell line used in the following examples kindly was supplied by Prof. Allan Randrup Thomsen (University of Copenhagen, Denmark). BHK-12 cells were used for MVA Env and Gag titration, since they are known for being one of the few cell lines that allow MVA replication. They were maintained in CEF medium consisting of RPMI supplemented with 3.7 g/L sodium pyruvate, 10% heat-inactivated FBS, and 1% (v/v) antibiotic-antimycotic (Gibco™, 15240062).

Plasmid Constructs

In order to produce recombinant adenoviruses, the target protein was cloned into the modified adenovirus vector Capture-pBGH. This vector contains the Ad5 genome with deletions in the E1 and E3 genes. Furthermore, it contains homologous regions to the vector 768tet that entails the CMV promoter and the 3′ polyadenylation (polyA) tail, and expresses recombinant proteins under the Tet operator (FIG. 4) [Becker, T. C., et al., Use of recombinant adenovirus for metabolic engineering of mammalian cells. Methods Cell Biol, 1994. 43 Pt A: p. 161-89.]. Therefore, target proteins were first inserted into 768tet by sub-cloning, PCR-cloning or Gibson-assembly and were subsequently cloned into Capture-pBGH (FIG. 4) via homologous recombination (FIG. 5). For pIX modifications of the adenovirus, target proteins were cloned into the common expression vector pcDNA3 that additionally encoded pIX and a linker sequence (containing a FLAG-tag) followed by restriction sites to insert the gene of interest (pcDNA3_pIX_Taglinker_xxx, with xxx=target antigen). The expression vector was transfected into producer cells to induce expression of recombinant pIX in these cells.

The different plasmid constructs used are listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 List of plasmid constructs used for cloning, virus production and vaccination. DNA plasmids used during the project are listed including the abbreviations utilized in this work. Additionally, vector-encoded genes are explained (“Description”) as well as the application of the DNA plasmids (“Purpose”). Plasmid Abbreviation Description Purpose 768tet_MelARVgag_p2A_envSTOP DNA-MelARV Expression vector with Vaccination MelARVgag and MelARVenv cloning into under CMV promoter and Tet Capture-pBGH operator pBGH_MelARVgag_p2A_envSTOP Ad5 genome with MelARVgag Ad5 production and MelARVenv under CMV promoter 768tet_MelARVgag_p2A_envISDmutSTOP DNA-MelARV- Expression vector with Vaccination ISD MelARVgag and ISD-mutated cloning into MelARVenv under CMV Capture-pBGH promoter and Tet operator pBGH_MelARVgag_p2A_envSTOP Ad5 genome with MelARVgag Ad5 production and ISD-mutated MelARVenv under CMV promoter pcDNA3_pIX-Taglinker-p15E DNA-pIX-p15E Expression vector with Ad5-pIX p15E linked to pIX under modification CMV promoter pcDNA3_pIX-Taglinker-p15E- DNA-pIX- Expression vector with Ad5-pIX ISDmut p15E-ISD ISD-mutated p15E linked to modification pIX under CMV promoter pcDNA3_pIX-Taglinker-p15E- DNA-pIX- Expression vector with Ad5-pIX trunc-wC p15E-trunc- truncated p15E containing modification wC an additional cysteine linked to pIX under CMV promoter pcDNA3_pIX-Taglinker-p15E- DNA-pIX- Expression vector with Ad5-pIX trunc-w/oC p15E-trunc- truncated p15E without modification w/oC additional cysteine linked to pIX under CMV promoter pcDNA3_pIX-Taglinker-GFP DNA-pIX-GFP Expression vector with GFP control linked to pIX under CMV plasmid promoter 768tet_SIVgag_p2A_LucSP_MelARV_HA- DNA- Expression vector with SIV cloning into TMCT LucSP_MelARV_HA- gag and MelARVenv Capture-pBGH TMCT containing luciferase signal peptide and influenza hemagglutinin transmembrane domain + cytoplasmic tail pBGH_SIVgag_p2A_LucSP_MelARV_HA- Ad5 genome with SIV gag Ad5 production TMCT and MelARVenv containing luciferase signal peptide and influenza hemagglutinin transmembrane domain + cytoplasmic tail 768tet_SIVgag_p2A_LucSP_GCN4_p15E_HA- DNA- Expression vector with SIV cloning into TMCT LucSP_GCN4_p15E_HA- gag and MelARV p15E Capture-pBGH TMCT containing luciferase signal peptide, trimerization sequence and influenza hemagglutinin transmembrane domain + cytoplasmic tail pBGH_SIVgag_p2A_LucSP_GCN4_p15E_HA- Ad5 genome with SIV gag Ad5 production TMCT and MelARV p15E containing luciferase signal peptide, trimerization sequence and influenza hemagglutinin transmembrane domain + cytoplasmic tail pCI-neoGFP DNA-GFP Expression vector with GFP control plasmid p06A19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-coHERV-K-P2TS Vector containing the WT recombination HERV-K VLP insert under a in E-coli as tet-regulatable CMV described in promoter followed by a EP2870236 microRNA targeting signal expressed in ProVector cells and SV40 polyA sites. The expression cassette contains the hAd19a/64 5′ region and at the C-terminus recombination signals for recombination into BAC plasmids containing the remainder of the E1 deleted hAd19a genome. p06A19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-ISDmut_coHERV- Vector containing the ISD recombination K-P2TS mutated HERV-K VLP insert in E-coli as under a tet-regulatable described in CMV promoter followed by a EP2870236 microRNA targeting signal expressed in ProVector cells and SV40 polyA sites. The expression cassette contains the hAd19a/64 5′ region and at the C-terminus recombination signals for recombination into BAC plasmids containing the remainder of the E1 deleted hAd19a genome.

Cloning

Different cloning strategies were used to build new DNA constructs for production and testing of adenoviral vaccines.

Sub-Cloning

For sub-cloning, a target DNA sequence was transferred from one plasmid (donor vector) to another plasmid (target vector). Donor and target vector were cut via restriction digest at the ligation site. In order to prevent re-ligation, the target vector was treated with Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIP), which catalyzes dephosphorylation at the 5′ and 3′ ends of DNA. Digested DNA was separated on a 1% agarose gel containing GelGreen dye (#41004, Biotium). Desired DNA-bands were cut out and DNA content was extracted using the E.Z.N.A. Gel Extraction Kit (D2500; OMEGA bio-tek). Briefly, the gel was dissolved in one volume Binding buffer (XP2) and loaded on HiBine DNA Mini Columns. After washing twice, the column was dried and DNA was double-eluted in Elution buffer. After purification, vector and inserts were mixed in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:3. Ligation of the two DNA fragments was catalyzed using the Instant Sticky-end Ligase Master Mix (M0370; New England BioLabs). The ligated product was transformed into XL1-Blue Competent Cells (#200249, Agilent Technologies). For transformation, DNA was added to the bacterial suspension and incubated 10 min on ice. Subsequently, cells were permeabilized by heat shock at 42° C. for 45 sec. After 2 min incubation on ice, Super Optimal Broth media (SOC media) was added and bacteria were incubated shaking for 1h at 37° C. The bacterial suspension was streaked on a Lysogeny broth media (LB media) agar plate containing the respective antibiotic and was incubated overnight at 37° C.

To screen for correct constructs, several bacterial colonies were amplified for mini-plasmid preparation (see “0 DNA-preparation” below). Isolated plasmid DNA was cut by restriction digest and analyzed by gel electrophoresis.

For the HERV-K constructs (and corresponding controls), the subcloning was performed in order to insert the DNA constructs containing the sequence of interest (DNA_ISDmut_coHERV—K-P2TS and DNA_coHERV—K-P2TS) into an acceptor plasmid 768(TetO)-SP-alb-CIDR. To do this, the inserts and the acceptor were first amplified using PIR1 and XL1-Blue Cells, and Kan and Amp selection markers, respectively. All constructs were digested using XbaI (New England Biolabs, R0145) and Swal (New England Biolabs, R0604) together with NEBuffer™ 3.1 (New England Biolabs, B7203) for 1 h and 30 min at 37° C., since the activity of XbaI enzyme when using NEBuffer 3.1 is only 75%. The DNA was separated by electrophoresis using 1% agarose gel plus GelGreen dye (100 V, 200 A, 1 h). The bands containing the insert as well as the ones containing 768(TetO) were cut and purified using E.Z.N.A.® Gel Extraction Kit (Omega bio-tek, D2500) following the manufacturer guidelines, and eluted in 20 μL of ultra-pure water (UPW).

For ligating the constructs, 40 ng of the acceptor vector and 120 ng of each insert were incubated during 15-30 min with 1:2 dilution of instant sticky end ligase master mix (2×) at 37° C. Transformation was performed using XL1-Blue cells and the DNA was obtained using mini-preparation (as described below). Then, a test cut was performed to corroborate if the sequence of interest was properly inserted into the acceptor vector. If so, new transformation and midi-preparation (as described below) were performed, to obtain a higher DNA concentration.

PCR-Cloning

In contrast to sub-cloning, PCR-cloning is characterized by the generation of inserts in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The target sequence is amplified via PCR from a donor vector using specific extension-primers to insert enzymatic restriction sites. Primers were ordered from TAG Copenhagen and mixed with template and PfuUltra II Hotstarter PCR Master Mix (#600850, Agilent Genomics). The PCR was initiated by incubating 2 min at 95° C. to activate the Taq polymerase and facilitate complete denaturation of the DNA template. The initial step was followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 95° C., annealing at 60° C. and DNA extension at 72° C. The PCR was completed with a final step of 3 min at 72° C. to finalize DNA extension.

DNA was isolated from the reaction mix using the E.Z.N.A. Gel Extraction Kit (D2500; OMEGA bio-tek) protocol “Purification from enzymatic reaction”. To remove residual genomic DNA, the purified PCR product was treated with Dpnl (R0176, New England BioLabs), which is an enzyme that cuts methylated DNA. DNA was subjected to enzymatic digest at specific restriction sites and was purified using the E.Z.N.A. Gel Extraction Kit. Digest of the target vector and ligation were performed according to the previously described sub-cloning protocol.

In the context of the HERV-K constructs (and corresponding controls), in order to continue with the homologous recombination, the NotI site contained inside the HERV-K WT/ISDmut sequences had to be removed, so that NotI could be subsequently used to correctly linearize the plasmids, allowing for proper recombination. To do this, both sequences (768(TetO)-SP-alb-CSP-HERV-K WT/ISDmut) obtained from the sub-cloning procedure described above were cut with XbaI (New England Biolabs, R0145) and BspEI (New England Biolabs, R0540) together with NEBuffer™ 3.1 (New England Biolabs, B7203) for 1.5 h at 37° C., and separated by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel containing GelGreen dye. The DNA bands containing the NotI site to be removed were digested and eluted using the E.Z.N.A.® Gel Extraction Kit.

The forward primer used for the PCR reaction was annealing at the 3′ end of the HERV-K Env sequence, specifically at the BspEI restriction site (5′-CCCGTGTCCGGACCTGAG-3″; SEQ ID No.45), whereas the reverse primer was annealing at the 5′ end of the HERV-K Env sequence, at the XbaI restriction site (5′-GTTCTAGACTTGTCCTGAATTTTCTGGTTA-3′; (SEQ ID No.46). The reverse primer contained a modification at the NotI site in order to eliminate it. The primers were obtained from TAG Copenhagen A/S (Copenhagen, Denmark).

10 ng of template DNA (1 ng/μL), 10 μM of each primer and 1:2 dilution of PfuUltra II Hotstart PCR Master Mix (Agilent Technologies, 600850) were used to prepare the reaction mixture for each DNA construct. The PCR reaction consisted on an initial denaturation step (95° C., 5 min), followed by a loop of 35 cycles, which comprised a denaturation step (95° C., 30 s), an annealing step (58° C., 25 s), and a final elongation step (72° C., 45 s). Finally, a last elongation step was performed (72° C., 10 min) and the sample was stored at 4° C.

The PCR products, together with the acceptor plasmid, were separated by gel electrophoresis, and the desired bands were collected and processed as described in the section “sub-cloning” herein above 768(TetO)-HERV—K-Gag-p2A-Env WT and ISDmut constructs were therefore obtained, which now did not contain the restriction site for NotI enzyme in their sequence.

Gibson-Assembly

Gibson-assembly was used to combine several DNA fragments into one construct. Fragments were amplified by extension-PCR to add overhangs homologous to the target vector. PCR-products were treated and purified as described for PCR-cloning. The target vector was opened via restriction digest at the insertion site. To assemble the fragments, the opened target vector and purified inserts were mixed in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:3 and incubated 1h at 50° C. with a Gibson Assembly Master Mix (E2611; New England BioLabs). Three key enzymes in the Master Mix facilitated assembly. The exonuclease removes DNA from the 5′ end of the fragments and creates single-stranded 3′ overhangs that anneal in homologous regions with other fragments. Nucleotides are inserted into the remaining gaps by a DNA polymerase. Finally, the DNA ligase joins nicks in the assembled DNA. Like in previously described cloning techniques, assembled DNA was transformed into bacteria followed by screening for correct constructs.

Homologous Recombination to Generate Recombinant Adenoviral Genomes

The insertion of a target gene into the adenoviral genome (Ad5) was performed by homologous recombination in E. coli. The insert (target gene) from 768tet with homologous regions to the target vector was cut out via restriction digest and purified by gel electrophoresis. The acceptor vector, Capture-pBGH (Ad5 genome), was likewise linearized by restriction digest. To prevent re-ligation, the cut vector was subjected to CIP treatment (see Sub-cloning). Subsequently, vector-DNA was purified by ethanol precipitation. Briefly, DNA was precipitated in 0.3M sodium acetate and 70% ethanol, frozen 20 min at −80° C. and centrifuged at 16.000 g for 15 min (4° C.). The pellet was washed in 70% ethanol and centrifuged for another 5 min. After drying at room temperature (RT), DNA was resuspended in water. To prevent further re-ligation, adenosine overhangs were generated using the Tempase hot start DNA polymerase (#230306; Ampliqon). Subsequently, DNA was purified via phenol chloroform extraction. To this end, phenol chloroform was added to the reaction mix followed by centrifugation at 16.000 g for 10 min. The upper, aqueous phase was transferred to a new reaction tube and DNA was extracted by ethanol precipitation as described above.

In order to combine the vector and insert by homologous recombination, both components were mixed in a stoichiometric ratio of 1:3 and were added to electroporation competent BJ5183 cells. The bacteria were transferred to an electroporation cuvette (#1652086; Bio-Rad) and were permeabilized by electroporation in a gene pulser machine (Bio-Rad) with 25 pFD, 2.5 kV and 200Ω. After electroporation, cells were transferred into SOC media and further treated as described in the heat-shock protocol (see “Sub-cloning”).

The following plasmids were provided by Sirion biotech:

-   cDNA_HERV-K(Gag_p2AEnv) -   cDNA_HERV-K(Gagp2AEnv-(Q6A)ISD-mut).

The same constructs, but encoded by an Adl9a vector were also provided by Sirion.

The cDNA constructs were amplified and used as DNA vaccines as well as insert vectors for cloning strategies with the ultimate aim of obtaining Ad5 vectors encoding for the aforementioned sequences, which can be used as vaccines. Specifically, for the HERV-K constructs encoded in hAd5s (and corresponding controls), the gene of interest was cloned into the pBGH plasmid encoding the human Ad5 genome with deletions in E1 and E3 genes. The transgene was inserted in the place of E1 by homologous recombination with the 768tet plasmid encoding the gene of interest. This strategy was chosen because conventional cloning with restriction digest and ligation is very ineffective with the pBGH vector being a very big plasmid with more than 38 kbp.

The homologous recombination between 768tet and the pBGH capture plasmid was performed in E. coli. The capture vector contained green fluorescent protein (GFP) as an insert that would be replaced by the gene of interest.

Since the pBGH plasmid, encoding for the human Ad5 genome, is too large (<38 kbp) to undergo the common cloning strategy, which uses restriction enzyme digestion to insert the desired construct, homologous recombination was used to insert it in the place of E1.

First, the pBGH acceptor vector was linearized using Swal enzyme (New England Biolabs, R0604) at 37° C. during 2 h. Meanwhile, the 768(TetO)-HERV—K-Gag-p2A-Env WT and ISDmut, were digested with NotI enzyme (New England Biolabs, R3189) during 1 h. The product of the reaction was separated by electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel containing GelGreen. The HERV-K sequence flanked by the homologous regions needed for the recombination was collected from the gel, and the DNA was isolated using the E.Z.N.A.® Gel Extraction Kit (Omega bio-tek, D2500) following the guidelines of the manufacturer and eluted in UPW.

After the pBGH was digested, both 3′ and 5′ ends were phosphorylated using Calf Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase (30 min, 37° C.; M0290) to prevent re-ligation. Then, the vector underwent ethanol precipitation in 0.3 M sodium acetate and 70% (v/v) ethanol during 20 min at −80° C. Immediately after, the sample was centrifuged (15 min, 4° C., 16,000 g) and the pellet was washed with 70% (v/v) ethanol. The vector underwent another centrifugation (5 min, 4° C., 16,000 g) and the resulting pellet was left to dry at RT, and finally resuspended in UPW.

To prevent further re-ligation of the pBGH vector, it was treated with the Tempase Hot Start DNA polymerase (Ampliqon, A230306) during 30 min at 72° C., which added adenosine overhangs. The DNA was purified adding phenol/chloroform, centrifuging (10 min, 4° C., 16,000 g) and then the upper, aqueous phase, which contained the DNA, was transferred to a microcentrifuge tube. The DNA underwent ethanol precipitation as before in order to further purify it, and it was diluted into UPW.

All plasmids were stored in water, and not elution buffer, since salt content interferes with electroporation efficiency. The pBGH vector and the HERV-K WT/ISDmut inserts were combined in a 1:3 molar ratio, together with the electroporation competent BJ5183 cells (Agilent, 200154). Then, the mix was transferred into an electroporation cuvette (Bio-Rad, 1652086), which was used to permeabilize the cells with a gene pulser machine (Bio-Rad) at 25 μFD, 2.5 kV and 200Ω. Subsequently, SOC media was added to recover E. coli competent cells after transformation. Then they were incubated at a shaking incubator for 1 h at 37° C. Finally, the mixture was plated onto LB agar plates containing Kan and were incubated at 37° C. o/n.

To ascertain that the homologous recombination was performed properly, the DNA was isolated using mini-preparations as described herein below. Then, it was digested using restriction enzymes and separated in 1% agarose gel, containing GelGreen dye. The bands corresponding to the correct size for the pBGH and the inserts were cut and transformed into E. coli, and finally the DNA was again isolated through midi-preparation as described below.

DNA-Preparation

Escherichia coli (E. coli) transformation For transformation, chemically competent E. coli XL1-Blue Supercompetent Cells (Agilent, 200236) as well as One Shot′ PIR1 Chemically Competent Cells (ThermoFisher Scientific, C101010) were used. 20 μL of the latter together with 10 ng of plasmid-DNA were mixed together and kept on ice for 3 min. Afterwards, the mixture was heat shocked in a Waterbath TW80 (Julabo) for 45 s at 42° C., and placed again on ice for 3 min. Immediately after, 200 μL of Super Optimal Broth with Catabolite repression (SOC) medium (20 g Tryptone, 5 g Yeast extract, 0.58 g NaCl, 0.19 g KCl, 3.96 g glucose and 5.04 g MgSO₄.7H₂O) were added to the samples, which were placed into shaking incubators for 1 h at 37° C. The final step consisted on plating the samples onto LB agar plates containing the corresponding antibiotic (ampicillin (Amp): 100 μg/mL, kanamycin (Kan): 50 μg/mL), for which our plasmid has resistance, and into an incubator for E. coli agar plates (Binder) at 37° C. o/n.

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

To check if the transformation was performed correctly, the DNA purified constructs were run on 1% (w/v) agarose gels containing ethidium bromide or GelGreen™ dye (Biotium, 41004) in order to be able to visualize the DNA under ultraviolet (UV) light. 1× loading buffer (6×) was added to the samples and they were loaded to the gel together with the size marker GeneRuler 1 kb Plus DNA Ladder (Thermo Fisher Scientific, SM1331). The buffer used was the tris-acetate-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (TAE) buffer (4.86 g/L Trizma® base, 0.37 g/L Na2EDTA.2H2O, and 0.11% (v/v) acetic acid at pH=8.3). The electrophoresis was performed during 1 h at 120 V using an electrophoresis power supply EPS 3501 XL (GE Healthcare).

Mini-Preparation

To screen for correct constructs after cloning, small-scale amplifications of DNA were performed. Bacterial colonies were transferred into 3 mL or 5 mL of LB media (containing the corresponding antibiotic Amp 100 μg/mL or Kan 50 μg/mL depending on the resistance gene in the plasmid of interest) and grown overnight at 37° C. Isolation of plasmid DNA was carried out using the E.Z.N.A.® Plasmid DNA Mini Kit I (D6943, Omega bio-tek). Briefly, the bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation and resuspended in RNase containing Solution I (Resuspension buffer). Solution II (Lysis buffer) was added to release DNA from the cells. To stop the reaction and precipitate genomic DNA with cell debris, solution III (Neutralization buffer) was added. The precipitate was pelleted by centrifugation and supernatant was transferred into HiBind® DNA Mini Columns. After DNA binding to the column membrane by centrifugation and addition of HB Buffer, the column was washed twice with DNA Wash Buffer and subsequently dried. Finally, plasmid DNA was eluted in Elution Buffer.

Midi-Preparation

In order to get higher and more purified DNA yields, midi-preparations were made from E. coli, grown overnight in 100 mL of LB media (again containing the appropriate antibiotic), using the NucleoBond® Xtra Midi kit (#740410, AH Diagnostics). The principle was similar to the mini-preparations, starting with resuspending and lysing the bacteria. After neutralization, the lysate was loaded on equilibrated NucleoBond® Xtra Columns and washed with Equilibration buffer. The inserted column filter, containing residual cell debris, was removed and columns were washed with Washing buffer. DNA was eluted in Elution buffer and subsequently precipitated in isopropanol. Precipitated DNA was pelleted by centrifugation and washed with 70% ethanol. After an additional centrifugation step, the supernatant was removed and the DNA pellet was dried at RT. DNA was reconstituted in 100 μL of 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.0) or with 100 of elution buffer from the E.Z.N.A.® Plasmid DNA Mini Kit and the concentration was determined at the NanoDrop™ 42000.

2.6 Virus Production

Different viruses were produced and tested in the experiments (Table 2). In addition to the usual recombinant adenoviruses, Ad5 vectors displaying recombinant pIX on their surface (Ad5-pIX) were tested and had to be produced in a distinct procedure.

TABLE 2 List of virus constructs used for immunization of mice: The different recombinant adenoviruses used during the project are listed, including the abbreviations in this work and the genes encoded by virus. Virus Abbreviation Description Ad5_MelARVgag_p2A_envSTOP Ad5-MelARV Ad5 encoding for MelARVgag and MelARVenv Ad5_MelARVgag_p2A_envISDmutSTOP Ad5-MelARV-ISD Ad5 encoding for MelARVgag and ISD- mutated MelARVenv Ad5_MelARVgag_p2A_envSTOP_pIX-p15E Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E Ad5 encoding for MelARVgag and MelARVenv displaying p15E on the viral pIX protein Ad5_MelARVgag_p2A_envISDmutSTOP_pIX- Ad5-MelARV-ISD_pIX- Ad5 encoding for p15E-ISD p15E-ISD MelARVgag and ISD- mutated MelARVenv displaying ISD- mutated p15E on the viral pIX protein Ad5_MelARVgag_p2A_envSTOP_pIX-p15E- Ad5-MelARV_pIX- Ad5 encoding for trunc-wC p15E-trunc-wC MelARVgag and MelARVenv displaying truncated p15E with additional cysteine on the viral pIX protein Ad5_MelARVgag_p2A_envSTOP_pIX-p15E- Ad5-MelARV_pIX- Ad5 encoding for trunc-w/oC p15E-trunc-w/oC MelARVgag and MelARVenv displaying truncated p15E without additional cysteine on the viral pIX protein Ad5_SIVgag_p2A_LucSP_MelARV_HA-TMCT Ad5- Ad5 encoding for LucSP_MelARV_HA- SIVgag and modified TMCT MelARVenv containing luciferase signal peptide and influenza hemagglutinin transmembrane domain + cytoplasmic tail Ad5_SIVgag_p2A_LucSP_GCN4_p15E_HA- Ad5- Ad5 encoding for TMCT LucSP_GCN4_p15E_HA- SIVgag and modified TMCT MelARVenv containing luciferase signal peptide, trimerization sequence and influenza hemagglutinin transmembrane domain + cytoplasmic tail Ad5_eGFP Ad5-GFP Ad5 encoding for GFP

Sequence of MelARV Env Protein with Modified ISD

The Env protein has the following sequence (SEQ ID No: 41):

DLTPDLCMLALHGPSYWGLEYRAPFSPPPGPPCCSGSSDSTSGCSRDCEEPLTSYTPRCNTAWNRLKLSK VTHAHNEGFYVCPGPHRPRWARSCGGPESFYCASWGCETTGRASWKPSSSWDYITVSNNLTSDQATPVCK GNKWCNSLTIRFTSFGKQATSWVTGHWWGLRLYVSGHDPGLIFGIRLKITDSGPRVPIGPNPVLSDRRPP SRPRPTRSPPPSNSTPTETPLTLPEPPPAGVENRLLNLVKGAYQALNLTSPDKTQECWLCLVSGPPYYEG VAVLGTYSNHTSAPANCSVASQHKLTLSEVTGQGLCIGAVPKTHQVLCNTTQKTSDGSYYLVAPTGTTWA CSTGLTPCISTTILNLTTDYCVLVELWPRVTYHSPSYVYHQFERRAKYKREPVSLTLALLLGGLTMGGIA

EECCFYADHTGLVRDSMAKLRERLSQRQKLFESQQGWFEGLFNKSPWFTTLISTIMGPLIILLLILLFGP CILNRLVQFIKDRISVVQALVLTQQYHQLKTIGDCKSRE

The sequence has been modified by exchanging the original E to R at the grey background letter in the ISD sequence and A to F at the third amino acids outside the ISD, also marked by grey.

Recombinant Ad5 Production

Starting point of the Ad5 production is the adenoviral genome plasmid Capture-pBGH. The plasmid contains all genes required for the formation of infectious Ad5 particles but is deleted in the genes E1 and E3. E1 is required for viral replication and is instead provided by the producer cell line HEK293/Avtoxic (Kovesdi, I. and S. J. Hedley, Adenoviral producer cells. Viruses, 2010. 2(8): p. 1681-703). E3 is a non-essential gene for the virus production and is deleted in the genome to create space for recombinant target genes. In the process of capture cloning (see “0 Homologous recombination to generate recombinant adenoviral genomes”) these target genes are inserted into the vector via homologous recombination. The process of cloning a target protein into Capture-pBGH and the following virus production is summarized in FIG. 5.

Avtoxic cells were transfected with the recombinant Capture-pBGH vector. To this end, cells were seeded into T75 culture flasks and grown to 50-70% confluency. Vector DNA was linearized by restriction digest with PI-Scel (#R06965; New England BioLabs) in PI-Scel buffer for 1h at 37° C. Subsequently, phenol chloroform purification was performed as described in “Capture cloning” and DNA was dissolved in OptiMEM (#11058-021; Invitrogen). A part of the DNA solution was loaded on a 1% agarose gel to confirm correct cutting of the plasmid. The residual DNA was mixed with polyethyleneimine (PEI) in a DNA:PEI ratio of 1:3. After incubating 15 min at RT the mixture was added dropwise to the media of Avtoxic cells. Transfected cells were incubated under normal cell culture conditions (see “Error! Reference source not found. Cell culture”) while changing the media after 16h and subsequently every 2-3 days. When cell lysis was visible as evident by detaching cells (after 2-3 weeks), the cell culture media containing the lysed cells (called “virus lysate”) was harvested and stored at −80° C.

In the next step, cells were re-infected with the “virus lysate” to obtain a “3-day lysate”. To this end, Avtoxic cells were grown in a 6-well plate until 70% confluency and were infected from well to well in a 1:10 serial dilution of the “virus lysate”. Three days after infection, the supernatant of the most diluted, completely lysed well was harvested and frozen at −80° C. This viral sample was called a “3-day lysate”

To produce the virus in a large scale (“large scale lysate”), Avtoxic cells were seeded into four Nunem Cell Culture Treated TripleFlasks' (500 cm²) (#132913; Thermo Fisher). When cells reached 70% confluence, flasks were infected with 150 μL of the “3-day lysate”. After complete lysing of the cells (approximately three days), the supernatant was harvested and frozen at −80° C.

Recombinant Ad5 Purification

In the first step of virus purification 0.5% of Igepal CA-630 (#56741; Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the harvested large scale lysates. During 10 min of incubation at RT, the detergent caused destruction of remaining cells and release of viral content into the media. To remove cell residues, the lysate was centrifuged at 12186 g for 20 min at 4° C. The supernatant was recovered and half of the volume was added as a 20% polyethylene glycol (PEG)+2.5 M NaCl solution, followed by gentle shaking overnight at 4° C. During this step, virus in the supernatant was precipitated, which allowed concentration of the virus in the next step. The precipitated virus was pelleted by centrifugation at 12186 g for 20 min. The virus pellet was resuspended in 5 mL cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and transferred to a 15 mL falcon tubes. The sample was centrifuged at 784 g for 5 min to remove remaining cell residues. The supernatant was transferred to a fresh 15 mL falcon tube and the previous centrifugation step was repeated several times until only a minor pellet of cell remnant was present in the tube, which could not be removed completely. An almost saturated CsCl solution was added to the virus-containing supernatant to reach a final density of 1.34 g/mL. The resulting solution was transferred into an ultracentrifuge tube (#342413; Beckman Coulter) which was subsequently sealed and centrifuged overnight in a Beckman Coulter Ti 70.1 rotor at 257,300 g. The clearly visible virus band was extracted with a needle and syringe and was loaded on an equilibrated PD-10 desalting column (#17-0851-01; GE Healthcare). Flow through fractions were collected in 70% glycerol with a final glycerol concentration of 10%. Fractions with the highest virus concentration (highest turbidity) were pooled, aliquoted and stored at −80° C. Virus aliquots were not thawed and frozen more than two times.

Production and Purification of Recombinant Ad5 Vectors Displaying Antigens on pIX

The production of Ad5-pIX viruses was performed using a different strategy than normal recombinant Ad5 viruses. The producer cell line was the earlier described HEK293(CCS)-shmir-pIX_221-puro cell line (pIX cells). pIX cells were seeded into 175 cm² flasks (four flasks per virus) and grown to 70% confluency. To produce recombinant pIX proteins, cells were transfected with a pcDNA3_pIX plasmid in which pIX was coupled to a recombinant protein by genetic fusion. Doxycycline was added to the culture medium (0.5 μg/mL) prior to transfection, which induced transcription of pIX-specific shRNA that inhibited translation of native pIX. Cell culture medium was changed 18h after transfection and doxycycline was added again. Subsequently, cells were infected with 5 MOI (multiplicity of infection) of the respective base adenovirus (adenovirus encoding for recombinant protein of interest). Replication of the virus was allowed for 48 h under normal culture conditions until cytopathic effect of the virus was visible. Cells were harvested and pelleted by centrifugation at 750 g for 10 min. The pellet was resuspended in PBS with 0. 5% sodium deoxycholate and incubated 30 min at RT to degrade cells and release viruses. In order to digest genomic DNA from the producer cell line, 0.2 M MgCl₂ and 0.05 mg/mL DNAse I (A3778, AppliChem) were added and incubated for 1h at 37° C. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 3000 g for 15 min and CsCl was added to the virus-containing supernatant to a final concentration of 1.34 g/mL. Viruses were ultracentrifuged in the CsCl gradient as described before for Ad5 purification. The extracted virus band was transferred to a dialysis membrane (Spectra/Por® Dialysis Membrane, 300 kDa, #131450, Biotech CE Tubing) and was dialyzed overnight in PBS at 4° C. Finally, the virus was aliquoted in 10% glycerol and stored at −80° C.

Virus Titration

For reproducibility of experiments, purified viruses were titrated to obtain the number of infectious units per mL (IFU/mL). Flat bottomed treated surface 96-well plates were coated with poly lysine for 15 min and washed three times with PBS. HEK293 cells were seeded into the wells with a concentration of 5×10⁴ cells in 100 μL culture medium. The virus was diluted in a 10-fold serial dilution in culture medium, starting with a dilution of 1:50. 50 μL of dilution factors 5×10⁴ to 5×10⁷ were added in doublets to the cell suspensions in the 96-well plate. The infected cells were incubated for 48h under normal cell culture conditions. After removing the media, wells were dried at RT and cells were fixed in cold methanol for 10 min at −20° C. Subsequently, wells were washed three times with PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). To detect virus-infected cells, anti-Ad5 hexon antibodies (1E11; #sc-51746; Santa Cruz Biotechnologies) were added with a dilution of 1:1000 in PBS+BSA and incubated for 1h at 37° C. After washing three times with PBS+BSA, secondary antibodies against mouse immunoglobulins coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (#P0447; Dako), diluted 1:500 in PBS+BSA, were incubated in the wells for 1h at 37° C. Residual antibodies were washed off and virus plaques were visualized with 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate at RT for 10 min.

To determine the titer of the virus, plaques at a suitable dilution were counted under the microscope at 20× magnification. Several vision fields were counted in each well until approximately 100 plaques were detected. The final number of IFU per mL was calculated using the following formula:

${\overset{\_}{P}*{VF}*DF*W} = {{\overset{\_}{P}*52.7\mspace{14mu} {vision}\mspace{14mu} {fields}\text{/}{well}*{DF}*20\mspace{14mu} {wells}\text{/}{mL}} = {{P\text{/}\; {mL}} = {{IFU}\text{/}\; {mL}}}}$

-   -   P=average number of plaques per vision field (total number of         counted plaques/counted vision fields); VF=number of vision         fields per well at 20×magnification (52.7 vision fields/well);         DF=dilution factor of the virus in the counted well (e.g.         500,000×); W=number of infected wells per mL virus dilution         (1000 μL/mL/50 μL/well 20wells/mL); P=number of plaques.

As an additional quality control, the measured concentration of infectious units per mL (IFU/mL) was compared to the virus particle (VP) count. The VP/mL was determined using the NanoDrop™ 2000 by measuring the absorbance at 260 nm. An absorbance of 1 unit corresponds to a concentration of 10¹² VP/mL. The ratio of IFU/mL to VP/mL indicated the viability of the virus with an ideal/typical ratio of 1:30-1:100.

Genomic DNA Purification from Recombinant Ad5

Isolation of DNA from recombinant adenoviruses was performed in order to assure correct insertion of recombinant genes into the adenoviral genome. DNA was extracted with the GenElute™ Mammalian Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit (G1N70; Sigma-Aldrich) using a modified protocol. To this end, 100 μL purified virus sample was mixed with 100 μL Resuspension Solution. Proteinase K and Lysis Solution C were added, followed by 10 min incubation at 70° C. After adding 96% ethanol, the solution was loaded on a prepared GenElute Miniprep Binding Column. The subsequent steps followed the original protocol with two washing steps and subsequent drying of the column. Viral DNA was eluted in Elution Solution. For quality assurance of the virus, DNA was send for sequencing (GENEWIZ UK Ltd.) to exclude mutations in the region of homologous recombination. Additionally, viral DNA was cut with restriction enzymes to confirm correct band sizes by gel electrophoresis.

Production and Purification of VLPs

Production and purification of virus-like particles (VLPs) were primarily performed to test functionality of VLP-encoding vaccines. VLP production was tested in Vero cells, which were seeded with a density of 1×10⁷ cells into a 175 cm² culture flasks and were incubated for 2h to allow attaching. Subsequently, cells were infected with SOMOI of Ad5 (5×10⁸ IFU/flask) for 5h. After removing the culture medium, cells were washed twice with PBS and incubated for 48h in serum-free medium. The supernatant (SN) was centrifuged at 282 g for 10 min and filtered through a 0.45 μM membrane to remove cell contaminants. VLPs were purified by pelleting through a 20% sucrose cushion at 82.700 g in a Beckman Coulter Ti 70 rotor using open 32 mL thickwall tubes (#355631; Beckman Coulter). SN was removed and the pellet was resuspended in 100 μL PBS (160× the original concentration).

The Adv-vaccine encoding for HERV—K-Gag-p2A-Env wild type (WT)/ISDmut was translated into functional proteins able to generate VLPs, a cell lysate was produced from infected cells, and VLPs were purified from the cell culture supernatant (SN):

Vero, A549 and HEK293 cell lines were used to produce and purify VLPs. 10×10⁶ Vero, 10×10⁶ A549 or 10×10⁵ HEK293 cells were seeded at day one at T175 (175 cm²) flasks, or T25 (25 cm²) flasks, in case of the HEK cells, containing the corresponding media. After h, the cells were infected with different viral vectors encoding for our sequences of interest (see Table 2b) using a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 50 or 20 (HEK293) that indicates the number of virions/cell for a given infection. After 5 h, the cells were washed twice with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) containing 8 g/L NaCl, 0.2 g/L KCl, 1.15 g/L Na₂HPO₄.2H₂O, 0.2 g/L KH₂PO₄ at pH 7.4. Then, the media was changed for the corresponding cell media, but without FBS. The cells were incubated within optimal maintenance conditions during 48 h, or 16 h when using HEK293 cells.

Thereafter, in order to obtain VLPs from the cell cultures, two different procedures were followed. On the one hand, the SN was kept for purifying and analysing the cell-secreted VLPs. On the other hand, the cells were lysed in order to analyse VLPs contained into the cells.

For the first procedure, cells were centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 10 min at 4° C., and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 μM membrane (Sartorius, 16555) to remove cell impurities. 13.5 mL of the SN were added dropwise to 3 mL of 20% (w/v) sucrose dissolved in PBS, in open 32 mL thickwall ultracentrifuge tubes (Beckman Coulter, 355631). The tubes were weighted for an equal volume and were placed into a Ti 70 rotor (Beckman Coulter, 337922), which was introduced into the ultracentrifuge set to 82.700 g, 4° C. for 2.5 h. When finished, the SN was cautiously removed, and the remaining pellet was resuspended in 100 μL PBS and stored at −20° C.

The second procedure consisted of a first step of cold PBS wash. Then, 10 mL of cold PBS were added to the flasks and the cells were mechanically scraped off. 4 mL were transferred into a 15 mL conical tube, and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min at 4° C. The SN was discarded and 1300 μL of the mix containing NP40 Cell Lysis Buffer (Invitrogen, FNN0021) with 7 μL/mL Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich, P8340) were added to each tube. Then, tubes were left on ice for 30 min while vortexing every 10 min using a Shaker Vortex 3 (IKA). Finally, the tubes were centrifuged at 13.000 rpm for 10 min at 4° C. to remove the cell debris, and SN were transferred into new tubes and stored at −20° C.

TABLE 2b List of adenoviruses encoding different constructs used for analysing and comparing VLP production and expression. Code Vector and sequence LA512 Ad5-(TetO)-CMV-Ii-fur-HB3var03-IT4var20 LA551 Ad5-(TetO)-CMV-SIVgag_p2A_LucSP_Syncytin1_HA-TMCT LA546 Ad5-(TetO)-CMV-SIVgag_p2A_HERV-K108env_P2TS Ad19_HERV-K Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-coHERV-K-P2TS Ad19_HERV-K_ISD Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-ISDmut_coHERV-K-P2TS Ad19_MelARV Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-MelARV-P2TS Ad19_MelARV_ISD Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-ISDmut_MelARV-P2TS

MVA Production and Titration

The procedure for MVA production, purification and titration was performed using the guidelines described by Staib et al. 2004. The initial MVA expressing the HERV-K Gag or Env protein seed lysate used to perform this experiment was provided by Prof. Dr. Barbara Schnierle (Langen, Germany). Before generating the MVA in a big scale using 175 cm² flasks, the amount of virus was augmented in a small scale using also 175 cm² flasks, in both cases seeded with CEF cells.

In this case, the MVA titration was performed in BHK-21 cells. A primary polyclonal rabbit anti-vaccinia virus (BioRad, 9503-2057), diluted 1:1000, and a secondary HRP-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-rabbit Ig antibody (Dako, P0448), diluted 1:500, were used to detect the infected cells. In order to determine the titer (IFU/mL), the number of stained foci was counted on a diluted sample with approximately 20-100 viral foci/well, in order to maximize precision.

Animal Experiments

Female C57BL/6, Balb/C and CD1 mice at age of 6-8 weeks were obtained from Taconic (C57BL/6) or Envigo (Balb/C and CD1). The mice were allowed to acclimatize for one week prior to the initiation of an experiment. All experiments were performed according to national guidelines and experimental protocols approved by the national animal experiments inspectorate (Dyreforsøgstilsynet in Danish).

Isolating Blood Serum Samples

To obtain serum samples, approximately 10% of the total blood volume was taken from mice by puncturing the facial vein with a Goldenrod lancet.

Alternatively, for final bleed of the mice (full bleed), animals were anaesthetized with 1 mg/mL Xylazine and 10 mg/mL Ketamine in PBS at a dose of 100 μL per 10 g mouse, injected intraperitoneally (i.p.). The maximum volume of blood was taken by puncturing the facial vein and mice were subsequently euthanized by cervical dislocation.

In the HERV-K experiments, for full bleed cardiac puncture, mice underwent full isoflurane anesthesia. Straight after, mice were placed upward with a facial mask which continuously supplied isoflurane, and the cardiac puncture was performed using a G27 needle connected to a 1 mL syringe. Approximately, 800-1000 μL were collected, and the mice were subsequently euthanized by cervical dislocation.

Alternatively, mice underwent full anesthesia with isoflurane. They were then tested for involuntary reflexes and, only after making sure they did not present any, the maximum blood volume was collected from the eye, specifically through the orbital sinus. Then, mice were euthanized immediately by gentle cervical dislocation.

Blood samples were stored overnight at 4° C. to allow coagulation and blood cells were removed from the serum by two centrifugations at 800 g for 10 min. The serum was then stored at −20° C.

Injections: i.v., s.c., i.m., i.p.

Different injection procedures were performed. For intravenous (i.v.) injection, mice were warmed up in a heating chamber to increase superficial venous blood flow. A maximum of 200 μL were injected into the tail vein. In the HERV-K related experiments, a volume of 100 μL containing 10⁶ RLZ Gag and Env cells (from B. Schnierle) was injected i.v. to the mice, in order to induce lung metastasis.

Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection into the footpad (f.p.) was performed under isoflurane anesthesia by injecting 30 μL under the skin of the foot pad. For the HERV-K experiments, This type of injection was used to inject 10⁶ RLZ Gag and Env cells (from B. Schnierle) (in 100 μL), in order to grow subcutaneous tumors in mice and establish a murine tumor model expressing HERV-K Env.

For intramuscular (i.m.) injection, a maximum volume of 60 μL was injected into the thigh muscle.

In the context of the HERV-K experiments, this type of injection was used mainly for immunizing (priming) and boosting the mice with the vaccines of interest (see Table 2c below). 50 μL per mouse were used for adenoviral or MVA vaccination/boost, respectively. The injection was performed at the thigh muscle under isoflurane anaesthesia which confers both analgesia and muscle relaxation.

TABLE 2c Virus-based vaccines used for i.m. mice immunization. Type of Virus IFU/mouse vaccination Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-Hiso-MfPV3-P2TS 1 × 10⁸ Prime (IP1321_A2953_V_7b) from Sirion Ad5-(TetO)-CMV-SIVgag_p2A_HERV- 1 × 10⁸ Prime K108env_P2TS Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-coHERV-K- 1 × 10⁸ Prime P2TS from Sirion Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-ISDmut_coHERV- 1 × 10⁸ Prime/Boost K-P2TS from Sirion MVA-expressing the HERV-K Env 1 × 10⁷ Prime/Boost protein DNA-(TetO)-CMV-ISDmut_CoHERV-K- 1 μg/μL Prime/Boost P2TS

Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection was performed by administering up to 500 μL into the abdominal cavity.

Vaccinations

5 Different vaccination trials were performed in mice: Vaccination timeline I. Balb/C mice were vaccinated in a prime-boost regimen of two DNA vaccinations followed by one Ad5 vaccination, or by either DNA or Ad5 alone. As a control, mice were injected with PBS. Four weeks after Ad5 vaccination, blood samples were collected and spleens were isolated from some mice. Subsequently, mice were challenged s.c. with CT26 tumor cells in the right flank and tumor growth was measured.

Vaccination timeline II. Balb/C mice were challenged s.c. with CT26 tumor cells. Mice were vaccinated with Ad5-MelARV either on day 2 post challenge (d.2 p.c.) or d.5 p.c. (previously primed with DNA). Additionally one group was vaccinated on d.2 p.c. and subsequently received four injections of anti-PD1 antibodies as soon as tumors were palpable (d.8 p.c.). As control groups mice were injected with PBS or anti-PD1 only.

Vaccination timeline III. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated in a prime-boost regimen with two DNA-MelARV injections followed by an Ad5 vaccination. Blood samples were taken 3 weeks after the last vaccination and mice were challenged i.v. with 2×105 B16F10-GP cells. The number of metastases in the lungs was determined two weeks after challenge.

Vaccination timeline IV. CD1 mice were vaccinated first with DNA plasmids encoding for MelARVgagp2A_env (DNA-MelARV) or the ISD mutated version MelARVgag_p2A_env_ISD (DNA-MelARV-ISD). The DNA prime was followed by adenoviral vaccination with either Ad5-MelARV or Ad5-MelARV-ISD. Blood samples were taken four weeks after vaccination and were analyzed for serum antibodies. Vaccination timeline V: C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated twice with adenoviruses, either Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E or Ad5-MelARV. Ad5-GFP was used as a control. Subsequently, blood samples were taken and mice were challenged i.v. with 2×105 B16F10-GP cells. Lungs were isolated two weeks after challenged and were analyzed for metastases.

For DNA-vaccination, 50 μg DNA in 50 μL TRIS/PBS (142 mM) were injected i.m. Adenoviruses were injected with 2×10⁸ IFU in 30 μL PBS into the foot pad. In experiments including pIX-modified viruses (vaccine timeline IV and V), 10¹⁰ virus particles in 60 μL PBS were injected i.m. Due to lower concentrations of pIX-viruses, injection of a small volume into the foot pad was not possible.

Another experiment included the administration of anti-PD1 antibodies (RMP1-14; #BE0146; BioXCell) in tumor challenged mice (see “0 Tumor challenge”). Anti-PD1 was administered with 200 μg antibody in 200 μL PBS, injected i.p. The treatment was started at day 8 after tumor challenge when subcutaneously growing tumors were palpable. Mice were injected four times every fourth day (day 8, 12, 16 and 20 after tumor challenge) (Kim, K., et al., Eradication of metastatic mouse cancers resistant to immune checkpoint blockade by suppression of myeloid-derived cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2014. 111(32): p. 11774-9 and Shindo, Y., et al., Combination immunotherapy with 4-1BB activation and PD-1 blockade enhances antitumor efficacy in a mouse model of subcutaneous tumor. Anticancer Res, 2015. 35(1): p. 129-36.

In the HERV-K experiments, the Adv and/or MVA boost was performed approximately 4 or 8 weeks after the priming with the Adv or DNA vaccine (day 0). Blood samples were taken both prior and after (day 14) prime vaccination. Mice were also bled at day 14 and 28 after the MVA/Adv/DNA boost. The blood samples were used for analysing the humoral responses (production of antibodies against HERV-K Env) of the vaccinated mice. Moreover, mice were euthanized 10 days after MVA boost to test their cellular immune responses (generation of CD8+T HERV-K Env specific T cells).

For testing the therapeutic effects of the novel vaccination strategy, only one dose of the vaccine was given 10 days after the tumor challenge.

Tumor Challenge

To assess metastasis of B16F10-GP cells in vivo, cultured cells were washed three times with PBS and detached by incubating in Versene for 15 min at 37° C. Cells were subsequently centrifuged at 282 g, washed with PBS and diluted to a concentration of 2×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells/mL in PBS. 2×10{circumflex over ( )}5 cells in 100 μL PBS were injected i.v. into the tail vein of mice, which resulted in tumor metastases in the lungs. Challenged mice were euthanized after 14 days. Lungs were isolated and fixed overnight in a solution of 2% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in PBS followed by storage in PBS at 4° C. Metastases were counted as black nodules on the surface of the lungs under a dissection microscope. Samples were blinded and metastases were counted by at least two individuals.

In order to analyze primary growth of CT26 tumors, CT26 cells were prepared as described for B16F10-GP cells and were diluted to a concentration of 5×10{circumflex over ( )}6 cells/mL in PBS. S.c. injection in the right thigh of 5×10{circumflex over ( )}5 cells in 100 μL PBS resulted in the formation of a tumor at the injection site. Tumor size was measured three times a week in length and width. The tumor volume was determined as: length*width²*0.5236 (Janik, P., et al.,

The Effect of Estrone-Progesterone Treatment on Cell Proliferation Kinetics of Hormone-dependent GR Mouse Mammary Tumors. Cancer Research, 1975. 35(12): p. 3698-3704). Mice were euthanized when tumors exceeded 16 mm on any side, necrotic wounds emerged or mobility of the mice was markedly reduced. During tumor measurements, the different vaccinated groups were blinded to prevent biased assessment.

Additionally to CT26 challenge, Balb/C mice were injected with 2.5×10{circumflex over ( )}4 4 T1-Luc cells in 100 μL PBS into the thoracic mammary fat pad. To visualize tumor formation after 6 weeks, mice were injected i.p. with Luciferin (1.5 mg per 10 g mouse) and were imaged 12 min after injection using an IVIS Spectrum in vivo imaging system. IVIS imaging was performed by Andreea-Cornelia Udrea and Melanie Schwerdtfeger.

To analyse tumor growth and metastasis of RLZ Gag and Env cells in vivo, cells were cultured until 60-80% confluence. Once the desired confluence was achieved, RLZ cells were washed with PBS three times, before adding Versene for 15 min at 37° C. in order to detach the cells. Afterwards, the cells were spun down at 282 g, washed using PBS, and finally diluted to 107 cells/mL into PBS. Every mouse was injected with 106 cells/100 μL, i.v. for lung metastasis and s.c. for subcutaneous tumors. To assess lung metastasis, mice were weighted at days 0, 7 and 14, and afterwards every 2 days. If mice lost about 15-20% weight within a few days, they were euthanized. The end point for termination was set at day 40 after tumor challenge. Mice with s.c. tumors were checked at the same time points as the i.v.-challenged mice, and euthanized when they tumors were exceed 16 mm diameter.

Both s.c. tumors and lungs were isolated and embathed into 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) and phosphate buffer 0.01 mol/L at pH=7.2 (Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark) and stored at 4° C. Samples were processed and tissues analysed for HERV-K Env specific staining using high titer serum from vaccinated mice.

Western Blotting

For detection of pIX-proteins, cell lysates (˜10 μg) or purified viruses (10¹⁰ virus particles) were mixed with 6×SDS-loading buffer containing DDT and were heated 5 min at 95° C. To show expression of MelARV proteins, cell lysates (5 μg), cell supernatant (15 μg) and purified VLPs (˜2 μg) were likewise mixed with DDT-containing loading buffer, but without heating the samples. The mixture was loaded on a NuPAGE™ 4-12% Bis-Tris Protein Gel (# NP0322, Thermo Fisher) and run for 1h at 150V in MOPS buffer. The protein content in the gel was blotted in a wet transfer system to a nitrocellulose membrane for 1h at 30V. After transfer, the membrane was blocked for 1h with 5% skimmed milk in tris-buffered saline+Tween 20 (TBS-T). Subsequently, the membrane was washed three times with TBS-T for 10 min on a shaker and was incubated with diluted primary antibody (Table 3) (in TBS-T+3% skimmed milk) overnight at 4° C. After additional three washing steps, HRP-conjugated secondary antibody in TBS-T was added and the membrane was incubated for 1h at RT. Unbound secondary antibody was washed off and the target protein was visualized using LumiGLO Reserve Chemiluminescent Substrate (54-61-00 or 54-71-02) in an ImageQuant LAS 4000.

TABLE 3 List of primary and secondary antibodies used for western blotting and ELISA. The table lists the different primary antibodies used for western blotting and their origin. Further shown are the used dilutions and which secondary antibody was chosen for detection. Some antibodies were also used for ELISA analysis at the later described dilutions. Primary Product number/ antibody Origin Dilution Secondary antibody Anti-p2A #ABS31; Millipore  1:1000 anti-rabbit Ig-HRP (#P0448, Dako) MM2-9B6 20x cell culture 1:200 anti-mouse Ig-HRP supernatant from (#P0447, Dako) hybridomas (provided by Tsuyoshi Takami, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center) 4F5 concentrated cell 1:200 anti-mouse Ig-HRP culture supernatant (#P0447, Dako) from hybridomas (provided by George Cianciolo, Duke University Medical Center) 19F8 concentrated cell 1:200 anti-mouse Ig-HRP culture supernatant (#P0447, Dako) from hybridomas (provided by George Cianciolo, Duke University Medical Center) anti-pIX antibody produced in  1:1000 anti-rabbit Ig-HRP rabbit (provided by (#P0448, Dako) David T. Curiel, Washington University in St. Louis)

In the HERV-K related experiments VLP expression at protein level was analysed through WB technique. To guarantee an equal loading of the samples, the protein concentration of both VLPs (SN) and cell lysates was measured using the Pierce™ bicinchoninic acid (BCA) Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 23225) according to the manufacturer guidelines. 6× Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) loading buffer containing dithiothreitol (DTT) was added into the different samples, which were placed into a block heater SBH130DC (Stuart) at 95° C. for 5 min. Subsequently, 5 μg of protein, as well as 7 μL of RunBlue™ Prestained Marker (Expedeon, NXA05160) were loaded into NuPAGE′ 4-12% Bis-Tris Protein Gels (Thermo Fisher Scientific, NP0322) together with NuPAGE′ MOPS SDS Running Buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, NP0001). The samples were separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) for 45 min at 180 V.

Thereafter, the samples were transferred to a 0.45 μm nitrocellulose blotting membrane (Bio-Rad, 1620115) at 30 V for 45 min. For this step, transfer buffer (3.75 g/L Trizma® base, 18.1 g/L glycin at pH 8.5) with 20% ethanol was used.

To prevent non-specific binding, the membrane was blocked for 1 h at room temperature (RT) using 5% (w/v) skimmed milk powder in Tris-buffered saline with Tween (TBS-T) (6.06 g/L Trizma® base, 8.76 g/L NaCl, 0.25% (v/v) Tween-20 at pH 7.6). Afterwards, the membrane was washed with TBS-T for 10 min, and incubated with the corresponding primary antibodies (see Table 3a) in 3% (w/v) skimmed milk powder in TBS-T on a shaker CERTOMAT® MO II (Sartorius) at 4° C. overnight (o/n).

TABLE 3a List of specific primary antibodies used for the detection of VLP proteins. Antibody Dilution Source Polyclonal rabbit anti-2A peptide (Gag) 1:1000 Millipore, ABS31 Monoclonal (IgG) mouse anti-human 1:8000 Austral Biologicals, Endogenous Retrovirus type K (HERV K) HERM-1811-5 envelope protein (p15E, TM) Monoclonal (IgG) mouse anti-human 1:2000 Austral Biologicals, Endogenous Retrovirus type K (HERV K) HERM-1821-5 envelope protein (gp70, SU)

Subsequently, the membrane was washed three times with TBS-T for 10 min. Then, it was incubated with the corresponding secondary antibody (see Table 3b) diluted in TBS-T for 1 h at RT.

TABLE 3b List of HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies used for WB. Antibody Dilution Source Polyclonal goat anti-rabbit Ig antibody, HRP- 1:2000 Dako, P0448 conjugated Polyclonal rabbit anti-mouse Ig antibody, HRP- 1:2000 Dako, P0260 conjugated

The membrane was then washed 3 times (10 min each time) with TBS-T. Peroxidase Chemiluminescent Substrate (KPL, 54-61-00) was used for detection of the proteins in an ImageQuant LAS 4000 camera (GE Healthcare Life Sciences).

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)

For detection of MelARV-specific antibodies in vaccinated mice, peptides of the MelARV Env subunit p15E conjugated to BSA were purchased from Schafer-N(Copenhagen, Denmark).

TABLE 4  Specification of the peptide used for  ELISA. The table describes the peptide  used for coating the ELISA plate in  order to analyze antibody-responses  in mice. Further specified are the  protein of origin (target protein), the location of the peptide in the  target protein (region) and the sequence. Peptide  Target-  Name  Protein  Region  Sequence  MelARVp15E  MelARV  Between ISD  CFYADHTGLVRD  (94-136)  pl5E  and trans-  SMAKLRERLSQR  membrane  QKLFESQQGWFE domain  GLFNKSP (94-136)  (SEQ ID No: 42)  (conjugated  to BSA) 

MaxiSorp flat bottom plates (Thermo Fisher) were coated overnight at 4° C. with 100 μL peptide solution (2 μg/mL in PBS) per well and were subsequently washed twice with washing buffer (PBS+2.07% NaCl+0.1% Tween-20). Wells were blocked with dilution buffer (PBS+2.07% NaCl+0.05% BSA+0.05% Tween-20) for 2h at 37° C., washed once with washing buffer and incubated with diluted mouse serum (1:50 in dilution buffer) for 3h at 37° C. After washing twice, peptide-bound serum antibodies were incubated with a HRP-coupled goat anti-mouse immunoglobulins antibody (Dako, P0447) for 2h at 37° C. in a 1:2000 dilution. After additional two washing steps, 100 μL TMB PLUS2 (Kem-En-Tec Diagnostics, 4395A) were added and incubated for 8 min at RT. The reaction was stopped with 100 μL 0.2M H₂SO₄ and quantified by measuring optical density at 450 nm.

Detection of Ad5-specific antibodies in mouse serum was performed by coating ELISA plates with heat inactivated Ad5 (30 min, 56° C.) at 5×10⁹ virus particles/mL. The assay was conducted as described above but with shorter incubation times for blocking and antibody-binding of 1h at RT. The primary antibody was mouse serum diluted in a 1:2 serial dilution starting with 1:200.

Detection of MelARV proteins in cell lysate, supernatant and purified VLPs of infected Vero cells was accomplished by coating ELISA plates with the respective samples. Cell lysates were diluted 1:2 in PBS (100 μL), supernatant was applied undiluted (100 μL) and purified VLPs were diluted 1:25 in PBS (50 μL). Detection was achieved using anti-p2A (1:500), MM2-9B6 (1:100), 4F5 (1:100) and 19F8 (1:100) as primary antibodies and using the same procedure as before with secondary antibodies stated in Table 3.

Flow Cytometry

In the HERV-K related experiments, FACS was used to detect both extracellular and intracellular markers of activated immune cells from vaccinated mice, as well as the presence of the HERV-K Env protein on the surface of infected A549 cells. The machine used for the cell sorting was the flow cytometer BD LSR II (BD Biosciences).

The following buffers were used for FACS:

TABLE 3c Description of the ingredients contained in the different buffers used for FACS. Buffer Ingredients Fluorescence- PBS activated cell 10 g/L Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) sorting (FACS) 1 g/L NaN₃ buffer FACS washing buffer PBS 1 g/L NaN₃ Hank's Balanced Salt Hank's BSS (Corning, 55-022-PB) Solution (Hank's 185 mg/L CaCl₂*2H₂O BSS) 232 mg/L MgSO₄*7H₂O 10 mg/L Phenolred PBS 8 g/L NaCl 0.2 g/L KCl 1.15 g/L Na₂HPO₄*2H₂O 0.2 g/L KH₂PO₄ pH 7.4

Extracellular Staining with Serum Antibodies

In the non-HERV-K experiments, flow cytometry was performed in order to detect binding of serum antibodies to cancer cells. B16F10-GP cells or CT26 cells were resuspended (as described in “0 Tumor challenge”) and seeded with 4×10⁵ cells per well in a round bottom 96-well plate. The plate was centrifuged at 784 g for 3 min (4° C.) to fix cells at the bottom of the well. Media was removed by flicking the plate upside down and cells were resuspended in 50 μL fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) medium (PBS+1% BSA+0.1% NaN₃) containing mouse serum at a dilution of 1:50. After 20 min incubation at 4° C., the plates were centrifuged at 784 g for 3 min (4° C.) and medium was removed. Cells were washed twice with 200 μL wash medium (PBS+0.1% NaN₃) and resuspended in 50 μL FACS medium containing fluorescent-labeled secondary antibody against mouse Immunoglobulin G (IgG) (goat anti-mouse IgG_APC; #405308, Biolegend) diluted 1:100. Cells were incubated 20 min at 4° C., washed twice with wash medium and fixed for 15 minutes at 4° C. in 200 μL PFA solution (1% in PBS). Cells were resuspended twice in FACS medium and analyzed for fluorescence in a BD LSR II Flow Cytometer. Detection of MelARV Env on the surface of infected Vero cells was performed after the same protocol using monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes (Table 5). Secondary antibodies were anti-mouse IgG_APC (1:100) or goat anti-mouse IgM Heavy Chain_RPE (1:100; A10689, Invitrogen).

Further, this technique was performed to characterize the new vaccine strategy based on an Ad19-vector encoding for HERV-K wt and HERV-K ISD mut transgenes (Sirion), as well as to compare the use of different adenoviral vectors (Adl9 vs. Ad5). Surface staining was used to detect the presence of HERV-K Env protein on the surface of infected A549 cells by flow cytometry.

3×10⁶ A549 cells were seeded into 75 cm² flasks in 15 mL of Ham's F-12K medium, and were incubated for 2 h at 37° C. Each flask was infected with 50 MOI of the following viruses (1.5×108 IFU/flask):

-   Ad5-(TetO)-CMV-SIVgagp2AHERV-K108env_P2TS -   Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-ISDmut MelARV-P2TS -   Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-coHERV—K-P2TS from Sirion -   Ad19a(II)-(TetO)-CMV-ISDmutcoHERV—K-P2TS from Sirion

They were then incubated 5 h at 37° C., after which the medium was changed for Ham's F-12K FBS free medium. Then, the cells were incubated for 48 h at 37° C.

Cells were kept on ice inside the LAF bench. The media was aspirated, and the cells were washed carefully with cold PBS and scraped off in cold PBS before separating the cells by centrifugation (3 min, 4° C., 784 g). The cells were resuspended in PBS and distributed into a round-bottom 96-well plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 163320). The plate was centrifuged (3 min, 4° C., 784 g), and the SN was removed by flicking the plate. The cells were resuspended in 50 μL of FACS buffer containing 2 μg/mL of the mouse monoclonal (IgG) primary antibody, which is directed against the p15E (TM) domain of the HERV-K Env protein (Austral Biologicals, HERM-1811-5), for 20 min at 4° C. Afterwards, the cells were washed with FACS washing buffer (using a first volume of 150 μL and afterwards 200 μL) and centrifuged (3 min, 4° C., 784 g) 3 times. The plates were incubated with 100 μL FACS buffer, into which was previously added at 1:100 dilution of the goat anti-mouse IgG APC secondary antibody (BioLegend, 405308). They underwent an incubation of 20 min at 4° C. protected from light. The cells were centrifuged (3 min, 4° C., 784 g) and washed 3 times with 200 μL of FACS washing buffer. Subsequently, they were incubated in 200 μL 1% (w/v) paraformaldehyde (PFA; Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark) during 15 min at 4° C. protected from light. Following that, they were centrifuged (3 min, 4° C., 784 g) and resuspended in 100 μL of FACS buffer and centrifuged again (3 min, 4° C., 784 g). They were finally resuspended in 200 μL and preserved o/n at 4° C. in the dark. The following day, the fluorescence of the cells was analyzed using the flow cytometer BD LSR II and he data was processed and analyzed using FlowJo 10 (FlowJo LLC).

Intracellular Staining (ICS) of Stimulated Splenocytes

Mice were euthanized 3-4 weeks after vaccination and spleens were isolated. The extracted spleens were transferred into HANKS B.S.S. and were mashed through a sterile net to obtain a single cell suspension. After centrifugation and resuspension in complete RPMI, the concentration of splenocytes was determined and cells were diluted to the required concentration.

Splenocytes were added into a round bottom 96-well plate with 2.5×10⁶ cells/well. The cells were centrifuged at 784 g for 3 min and resuspended in complete RPMI (+50 μM 2-mercaptoethanol) containing 3 μM monensin (pathway inhibitor) and 1 μg/mL peptide (AH1), while negative controls did not receive the peptide. Subsequently, cells were incubated for 5h at 37° C. After washing the cells in FACS medium (PBS+1% BSA+0.1% NaN₃+3 μM monensin), cells were incubated for 20 min at 4° C. with fluorescent-labeled surface antibodies (anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD44, anti-B220) diluted 1:100 in FACS medium. Cells were washed twice with PBS+3 μM monensin and fixed in 1% PFA for 15 min at 4° C. After washing in FACS medium, cells were permeabilized with 0.5% saponin in PBS for 10 min at RT. Intracellular antibodies (anti-IFNγ, anti-TNFα) were added with a dilution of 1:100 in PBS+0.5% saponin and incubated for 20 min at 4° C. Cells were washed twice and finally resuspended in PBS+1% BSA+0.1% NaN₃. Fluorescence of the cells was analyzed in a BD LSR II Flow Cytometer. Analysis of the flow cytometry data is shown in Suppl. FIG. 5.

TABLE 5 List of primary antibodies used for flow cytometry. The table lists the primary antibodies used for flow cytometry, their origin, the working dilution and the respective fluorescent- conjugated secondary antibody. Some primary antibodies were directly conjugated to a fluorescent and did not have to be labeled with a secondary antibody. Primary Secondary antibody Product number/Origin Dilution antibody mouse serum isolated from vaccinated 1:50  goat anti- mice mouse IgG_APC 19F8 (anti- concentrated cell culture 1:50  goat anti- MelARV Env; supernatant from hybridomas mouse p15E) (provided by George IgG_APC Cianciolo, Duke University Medical Center) 4F5 (anti- concentrated cell culture 1:50  goat anti- MelARV Env; supernatant from hybridomas mouse p15E) (provided by George IgG_APC Cianciolo, Duke University Medical Center) MM2-9B6 20x cell culture supernatant 1:50  goat anti- (anti- from hybridomas (provided by mouse MelARV Env; Tsuyoshi Takami, University IgG_APC gp70) of Arizona Health Sciences Center) MM2-3C6 20x cell culture supernatant 1:50  goat anti- (anti- from hybridomas (provided by mouse MelARV Env; Tsuyoshi Takami, University IgM_PE gp70) of Arizona Health Sciences Center) MM2-9A3 cell culture supernatant undiluted goat anti- (anti- from hybridomas (provided mouse MelARV Env; by Tsuyoshi Takami, IgG_APC gp70) University of Arizona Health Sciences Center) PerCP/ #100734, Biolegend 1:100 Cy5.5-CD8 FITC-CD4 #317407, Biolegend 1:100 Pacific #RM2628, Invitrogen 1:100 Blue-B220 APC/ #103028, Biolegend 1:100 Cy7-CD44 APC-IFN #505810, Biolegend 1:100 PE/Cy7-TNFα #506324, Biolegend 1:100 PE/Cy7-CD8 #100721, Biolegend 1:100 Pacific #100728, Biolegend 1:100 Blue-CD8 APC-CD8 #100711, Biolegend 1:100 APC/ #100713, Biolegend 1:100 Cy7-CD8

In the HERV-K related experiments splenocyte ICS was performed to assess specific cellular responses derived from vaccinated mice. To be able to perform this experiment, different strong binding (SB) HERV-K peptides constituted of 8-10 amino acids of both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice strains were previously tested for their capacity of stimulating CD8+ T cells of HERV-K vaccinated mice. Only one BALB/c 10-mer peptide (TYHMVSGMSL; SEQ ID No.47) at position 192 of the HERV-K Env sequence gave a response. Therefore, this peptide named P-HKE was used to stimulate the splenocytes of BALB/c mice immunized with an Ad5 and Adl9 vectors encoding for HERV-K Env together with the improved Ad19 vaccine that contains a mutation at Env ISD.

TABLE 5a Antibodies used for extracellular and intracellular staining of splenocytes obtained from vaccinated mice, to test their derived cellular responses. Antibody Source Monoclonal rat anti-mouse TNFα, PE/Cy7-conjugated BioLegend, 506324 Monoclonal rat anti-mouse interferon γ (IFNγ), APC- BioLegend, conjugated 505810 Monoclonal rat anti-mouse B220, Pacific Blue ™- Invitrogen, conjugated RM2628 Monoclonal rat anti-mouse/human CD44, APC/Cy7- BioLegend, conjugated 103028 Monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD8a, PerCP/Cy5.5-conjugated BioLegend, 100734 Monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD4, FITC-conjugated BioLegend, 100406 Monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD8a, APC/Cy7-conjugated BioLegend, 100713 Monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD8a, APC-conjugated BioLegend, 100711 Monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD8a, Pacific Blue ™- BioLegend, conjugated 10072 Monoclonal rat anti-mouse CD8a, PE/Cy7-conjugated BioLegend, 100721

Ad5 and Ad19 HERV-K/ISDmut vaccinated (primed) mice were used for this experiment with the objective of comparing the efficacy of the different vaccines containing different vectors and insert improvement strategy. Mice were euthanized 10 days after the booster immunization with MVA vector, and their spleens were collected in 5 mL Hank's BSS media. The spleens were mashed through a sterile net Corning® 70 μm cell strainers (Sigma-Aldrich, CLS431751) with the purpose of obtaining a suspension of single cells. Subsequently, the number of cells was counted in order to seed the desired amount of cells/well, as well as to provide the total number of cells/spleen to later calculate the absolute number of IFNγ+CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells per spleen.

Approximately 3×10⁶ cells/well were seeded into round bottom 96-well plates, which were centrifuged (3 min, 4° C., 784 g) and resuspended in RPMI media. The 10mer peptide of HERV-K Env mentioned before TYHMVSGMSL (SEQ ID NO:47) named P-HKE was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a concentration of 400 ng/μL. Then it was dissolved again in PBS to a concentration of 100 ng/μL, and finally RPMI was added to the former dilution to obtain a concentration of 6.67 ng/μL. Before adding the P-HKE peptide, in order to prevent cytokines from exiting the cells, 50 μL of the protein transport inhibitor, monensin (3 μM), were added to the wells. In addition, 30 μL/well of the aforementioned P-HKE peptide were added to the stimulated wells to induce T cell cytokines production. The rest of the wells did not received any peptide, but only DMSO at the same concentration as the stimulated samples, and were used as negative controls. The cells were incubated at 37° C. for 5 h.

After the incubation time the cells were centrifuged (3 min, 4° C., 784 g) and washed with 100 μL of FACS buffer containing monensin (3 μM) twice. The surface antibodies (PerCP/Cy5.5-CD8, FITC-CD4, Pacific Blue™-B220, APC/Cy7-CD44) were diluted 1:100 into FACS buffer containing monensin (3 μM). The splenocytes were resuspended with 50 μL of the prior solution and 50 μL FACS/monensin (3 μM) containing 1:100 diluted antibodies: PerCP/Cy5.5-CD8, FITC-CD4, Pacific Blue™-CD8, APC/Cy7-CD8, APC-CD8, PE/Cy7-CD8, used for making the compensation. The plates were incubated for 20 min at 4° C., at dark. The wells were washed twice with 100 μL of PBS with 3 μM monensin. Then, 100 μL of PBS/monensin (3 μM) were added together with 100 μL PFA (2%) in order to fix the cells during 4° C. in the dark. The cells were washed again twice using FACS/monensin (3 μM) and resuspended for 10 min at 20° C. (in the dark) with 150 μL of 0.5% Saponin in PBS. Once the cells are permeabilized, the intracellular antibodies (APC-IFNγ, PE/Cy7-TNFα) are diluted 1:100 in 0.5% Saponin/PBS, and 50 μL were added to the wells, and the plates were incubated for 10 min at 4° C. in the dark. The cells were washed with PBS containing 1% BSA and 0.1% NaN₃ and finally resuspended in 200 μL of the same buffer. Plates were kept o/n at 4° C.

In addition, intracellular staining of A549 transfected cells was performed to corroborate the presence of HERV-K Env protein inside the cells. In this instance, the production (and not the secretion to the cell membrane) was assessed. The latter protocol was followed adding a 10 min incubation step with 150 μL of 0.5% (w/v) Saponin (Sigma Aldrich, 47036) diluted in PBS at 4° C., in the dark. This extra step is needed so as to permeabilize the cell membrane. The antibodies were also diluted into 0.5% Saponin.

Gating Strategy

FlowJo 10 (FlowJo LLC) was used to analyse data from both extracellular and IC FACS staining (see FIG. 27). Initially, cells were plotted in a forward scatter (FSC)-H and FSC-A and gated. This gate was used to isolate the lymphocyte population in a side scatter (SSC)-A and FSC-A plot. The latter population was gated for CD8+CD4− cells and afterwards for CD8+B220-cells, to obtain a CD8+ T cell population, removing both CD4+ T-cells and B cells (B220 marker) (Coffman & Weissman 1981) from the analysis. Then, the cells were gated for CD8+CD44+ T cells, to obtain only the activated CD8+ T cells. These were further gated for for IFNγ+CD44+ cells, which are both markers expressed consequent to T cell activation. Moreover, IFNγ is known to be a higher sensitive marker for activated CD8+ T cells, when compared with TNFα cytokine (Badovinac & Harty 2000), (Kristensen et al. 2004). In addition, CD8+CD44+ T cells were gated for IFNγ+TNFα+ cells, since it is known that CD4+ T cells that produce multiple cytokines have a higher level of activity, activation, and turn into memory cells (Kannanganat et al. 2007).

To estimate the absolute number of IFNγ+CD44+B220− CD8+ T-cells the % of IFNγ+CD44+B220− CD8+ T cells of the lymphocytes was multiplied by the number of lymphocytes per spleen. Additionally, the % of double positive (IFNγ+TNFα+) cells of IFNγ+CD8+ was calculated dividing the IFNγ+TNFα+ cells by the sum of IFNγ+TNFα+ and IFNγ+TNFα− cells.

Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISPOT)

ELISPOT assays were performed to detect antigen-specific T cells. The peptide used in this experiment was AH1 (SPSYVYHQF), which is a known H2-Ld-restricted T-cell epitope in Balb/C mice that is located in the MelARV Env subunit gp70, (Huang, A. Y., et al., The immunodominant major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen of a murine colon tumor derives from an endogenous retroviral gene product. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1996. 93(18): p. 9730-5).

Splenocytes of vaccinated mice were prepared as described for the ICS.

The assay was performed using the Mouse IFN-γ T cell ELISPOT kit (CT317-PRS, U—CyTech). Briefly, the membrane of a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) 96-well plate (MSIP 54510, Millipore) was activated with 70% ethanol and subsequently coated overnight with an anti-murine IFN-γ antibody. After removing coating antibody and blocking the membrane, splenocytes were seeded with 2×10{circumflex over ( )}5 cells/well in complete RPMI culture medium containing 1 μg/mL AH1. As controls splenocytes were either left unstimulated or were stimulated with the potent T-cell activator Concanavalin A (ConA) (2 μg/mL). After 48h incubation under normal cell culture conditions, cells were removed, wells were washed and subsequently incubated with biotinylated detection antibody targeting IFN-γ. Streptavidin-HRP conjugate was added and IFN-γ spots were visualized using AEC substrate solution. Spots were counted using a CTL ImmunoSpot analyzer.

Positive Control (Control Serum LEV76)

The positive control serum LEV76 was used as a standard for flow cytometry and ELISA analysis of mouse serum samples. The LEV76 serum originates from an earlier pilot study in which C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated against MelARV Env and showed protection from B16F10-GP lung metastases. Thus, the antibody response in this serum corresponded to a level that is potentially able to protect from tumor challenge and therefore served as a reference value for a successful antibody response. In addition, using the LEV76 control serum as a standard enabled comparison between different experiments.

Statistical Analyses

All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism software (v5.03). Groups were compared using two-tailed, unpaired Mann-Whitney tests. Significances are indicated by asterisks: *(P≤0.05); **(P≤0.01); ***(P≤0.001). When comparing different groups of vaccinated mice, results are shown as a mean of each group with standard error of mean (SEM).

The Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to compare mice survival curves. This test measures the fraction of surviving subjects over a period of time after a given treatment. The significant results were shown with asterisks (*), with *(P≤0.05); **(P≤0.01); ***(P≤0.001).

To assess correlations between the responses, Spearman correlation was used followed by adjustment of p-values by the Holm-Sidak method.

Example 1

Mutation in the Vaccine-Encoded Immuno-Suppressive Domain (ISD)

As a first strategy of improvement two point mutations were introduced in the sequence of MelARV Env to inactive the immuno-suppressive domain (ISD) (FIG. 3). These specific mutations were tested and analyzed before by Schlecht-Louf et al. for the murine leukemia virus (Schlecht-Louf, G., et al., Retroviral infection in vivo requires an immune escape virulence factor encrypted in the envelope protein of oncoretroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2010. 107(8): p. 3782-7). The virus encoding for this modified version of MelARV Env is called Ad5-MelARV-ISD.

Effect of Ad5-MelARV-ISD on Antibody Responses in CD1 Mice

Outbred CD1 mice were primed with DNA-MelARV or DNA-MelARV-ISD and were subsequently boosted with either AD5-MelARV or Ad5-MelARV-ISD according to Vaccination timeline IV. Four weeks after adenovirus vaccination, blood samples were collected and analyzed by ELISA.

As shown in FIG. 7A, p15E-specific antibodies were increased in Ad5-MelARV-ISD vaccinated mice. Especially the combination of DNA-MelARV-ISD and Ad5-MelARV-ISD (bar D) yielded high antibody responses that were comparable to the LEV76 control serum. In addition, vaccination with Ad5-MelARV (bars A and C) and Ad5-MelARV-ISD (bars B and D) increased the level of tumor-cell specific antibodies (FIG. 7B) compared to the GFP control (bar E). However, Ad5-MelARV-ISD induced significantly lower levels of tumor-binding antibodies than Ad5-MelARV (bars A vs B; also bars C vs D but not significantly).

Both p15E- and B16F10-GP-binding antibody levels suggested that priming with DNA-MelARV-ISD generally increased antibody responses compared to the DNA-MelARV primed mice, although these results were not significant.

Example 2

Effect of Ad5-MelARV-ISD on Antibody Responses and Metastases in C57BL/6 Mice

C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated and challenged according to Vaccination timeline III. Mice received either DNA-MelARV or DNA-MelARV-ISD followed by the respective adenovirus. Analysis of antibody responses revealed that MelARV-ISD slightly increased the level of B16F10-GP cell-specific antibodies (FIG. 8A). The increase, however, was not significant and barely above background of the PBS vaccinated mice. As shown in FIG. 8B no effect on antibodies specific for p15E was observed. Corresponding to the tumor cell-binding antibodies, metastases were slightly reduced in MelARV-ISD vaccinated mice but without a significant difference (FIG. 8C)

Example 3

Effect of Ad5-MelARV-ISD on T Cell Responses in Balb/C Mice

In addition to antibody responses, the effect of Ad5-MelARV-ISD on priming and activation of T cells was analyzed. Both ELISPOT (FIG. 9) and ICS (FIG. 10) showed increased levels of AH1-specific T cells in Ad5-MelARV-ISD vaccinated mice compared to Ad5-MelARV. As observed by ICS, double positive IFNγ⁺ TNFα′ CD8⁺ T cells were significantly increased in Ad5-MelARV-ISD vaccinated mice compared to the native form. Also the integrated geometric mean (IGM) of IFNγ′ cells shows a significant difference to the native Ad5-MelARV. The IGM combines the number of positive cells with the mean fluorescence intensity and thus also consider the quality of activated immune cells. The IGM of

TNFα was still not significant (data not shown).

Example 4

Effect of Ad5-MelARV/Ad5-MelARV-ISD on Immunosuppression

In order to analyze the mechanisms behind the increased immune responses of Ad5-MelARV-ISD, immunosuppression by the vaccine was analyzed. The same mice sera as in FIG. 7 of Ad5-MelARV or Ad5-MelARV-ISD vaccinated mice were analyzed for immune responses against the viral vector Ad5 by ELISA. The ISD-inactivated MelARV Env vaccine (Ad5-MelARV-ISD) showed a significantly increased titer of Ad5-binding antibodies compared to the native version of MelARV Env (Ad5-MelARV with functional ISD).

Example 5

Displaying Antigens on the Capsid Protein pIX of the Adenoviral Vector

With the attempt to increase protective antibody responses, p15E was coupled to the adenoviral capsid protein pIX on the previously tested adenoviral vaccines. The different constructs that were tested are shown in FIG. 12. Either the native p15E (excluding the transmembrane subunit and cytoplasmic tail) was added to pIX (1) or alternatively an ISD-mutated version (2). Additionally, variants of p15E truncated to the ISD were tested, either displaying an additional cysteine (3) or not (4). The core of the viral vector was matched to the displayed p15E: Ad5-MelARV for pIX-p15E, pIX-p15E-trunc-wC and pIX-p15E-trunc-w/oC, and Ad5-MelARV-ISD for pIX-p15E-ISD.

Characterization of Ad5 Vectors Displaying p15E on the Capsid Protein pIX

New pIX plasmid-constructs (pcDNA3-pIX-Taglinker-xxx, with xxx=p15E antigen) were tested for the correct expression of recombinant pIX by transfecting HEK293 cells. Lysates of transfected cells were analyzed by western blotting using an anti-pIX antibody FIG. 13A. All four constructs showed expression of recombinant pIX with the expected lower bands for truncated p15E versions (Line 3 and 4). GFP, coupled to pIX, was used as a positive control with a higher band around 50 kDa. To validate integration of the recombinant pIX into the viral vector, purified viruses were analyzed by western blotting using an anti-pIX antibody FIG. 13B. Next to the native pIX band (around 10 kDa) all constructs showed expression of recombinant pIX. The negative control of an unmodified Ad5 (0) exhibited only the native pIX band. Band intensities were quantified using the ImageJ software (version 1.51n) and percentages of recombinant pIX are shown in Error! Reference source not found.

TABLE 8 Integration efficiency of recombinant pIX into the Ad5 vector. Recombinant Ad5 viruses displaying a protein on the viral pIX where analyzed for integration efficiency of the recombinant pIX into the viral vector. Viruses were analyzed by western blotting (FIG. 13) and band intensities were quantified. The table shows the percent recombinant pIX of the total pIX in the viral particle. % recombinant pIX of Virus total pIX Ø  0% Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E 32% Ad5-MelARV-ISD_pIX-p15E-ISD 29% Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E-trunc-wC 35% Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E-trunc-w/oC 35%

Example 6

Analysis of Antibody Responses Induced by pIX-Modified Viruses in CD1 Mice

CD1 mice were vaccinated according to vaccination timeline IV with a DNA prime (DNA-MelARV or DNA-MelARV-ISD) followed by adenovirus boost (normal virus vs. pIX-modifications). Blood serum was analyzed by ELISA for p15E-specific antibodies FIG. 14A. Since the p15E peptide sequence used for ELISA was not included in the truncated versions of pIX modification, only Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E and Ad5-MelARV-ISD_pIX-p15E-ISD could be evaluated in this setting. In most cases display of p15E on pIX increased the level of p15E-specific antibodies (A vs. B; C vs. D; E vs. F). However, in these comparisons the only significant difference was observed for DNA-MelARV+Ad5-MelARV (A vs. B). In the case of DNA-MelARV-ISD+Ad5-MelARV-ISD (G vs. H) the display of pIX-p15E-ISD had a worsening effect and significantly decreased antibody-responses compared to the unmodified vaccine. Additionally, binding of serum antibodies to B16F10-GP cells was analyzed (FIG. 14B). Display of the native p15E on pIX did not influence antibody responses against tumor cells. Ad5-MelARV-ISD_pIX-p15E-ISD, on the other hand, was able to restore the lack of B16F10-GP-specific antibodies, reduced due to the ISD-mutated MelARV Env (compare to FIG. 7).

Example 7

Effect of Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E on Antibody Responses and Metastases in C57BL/6 Mice

The pIX-modified virus Ad5-MelARV_pIX-p15E was tested in a pilot study for antibody responses and protection from metastasis in C57BL/6 mice. Mice were vaccinated twice and challenged according to Vaccination timeline V. As shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B neither of the vaccines significantly increased antibody responses to B16F10-GP cells (15A) or p15E (FIG. 15B). Also, the number of metastases was not significantly decreased by vaccination (FIG. 15C). However, while no correlation was detected between tumor cell-specific antibodies and metastatic count (FIG. 15D), a significant negative correlation was observed between the level of p15E-specific antibodies and the number of metastases (FIG. 15E).

Example 8

In the attempt to improve MelARV Env presentation on VLPs regarding quantity but also quality (in a more natural conformation), functional domains were inserted in the native sequence. These modifications were applied to the full length MelARV Env but also p15E alone (FIG. 16). The modifications included a signal peptide from Gaussia luciferase (LucSP), a transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail from Influenza A virus Hemagglutinin H3N2 (HA-TMCT) and a trimerization sequence (GCN4) (FIG. 16). The chimeric Env or p15E proteins were co-encoded with the Gag protein of SIV.

Characterization of Vaccines Encoding Chimeric MelARV Env or p15E

The modified vaccines were not tested in mice yet but expression from adenoviruses was tested by flow cytometry in infected Vero cells (FIG. 17). The experiment did not only show expression of the proteins but also characterized some of the anti-MelARV Env antibodies regarding their target epitope. Both 19F8 (FIG. 17A) and 4F5 (FIG. 17B) showed highly increased binding to the modified versions of MelARV Env and p15E compared to the native vaccines (Ad5-MelARV and Ad5-MelARV-ISD). Since binding to Ad5-LucSP_GCN4_p15E_Ha-TMCT could be observed as well, this experiment indicates that both antibodies bind the transmembrane subunit p15E. Furthermore, no binding of 19F8 to Ad5-MelARV-ISD infected cells was observed, while a clear signal was detected for 4F5, confirming the ISD as the target epitope of 19F8. Neither of the MM2 antibodies showed binding to the p15E construct, demonstrating that all three antibodies are directed against the surface subunit gp70. MM2-9B6 (FIG. 17C) and MM2-3C6 (FIG. 17D) showed similar profiles with equally strong binding of the antibody to Ad5-MelARV and Ad5-LucSP_MelARV_Ha-TMCT infected cells. Ad5-MelARV-ISD infected cells on the other hand showed much less antibody binding. The profile of MM2-9A3 (FIG. 17E) is similar except that Ad5-MelARV infected cells bound less antibody than Ad5-LucSP_MelARV_Ha-TMCT infected cells.

The new constructs were also tested for their ability to produce and display the target protein upon infection. Lysates of infected Vero cells and purified VLPs were analyzed by western blot (FIG. 18). Binding of anti-p2A antibody (FIG. 18A) showed bands that indicated MelARV Gag (Line 1 and 2) and SIV Gag (Line 3 and 4) expression in both the lysate and the VLPs. As shown in FIG. 18B, p15E (bound by 4F5) was only detected in the lysates of Ad5-MelARV infected cells (Line 1) with a low band around 20 kDa corresponding to p15E and a higher band of 70 kD, showing full length Env (gp70+p15E). The full length Env was also detectable for Ad5-MelARV-ISD (Line 2), whereas no single p15E band was visible. Only in Ad5-MelARV induced VLPs, p15E and the full length Env were detectable. Other weak bands were present for the different constructs, but it is not clear to which protein they correspond to.

A similar result as for 4F5 has been shown in FIG. 18C in which gp70 was visualized by MM2-9B6. Only Ad5-MelARV induced VLPs (Line 1) displayed MM2-9B6-detected gp70.

In addition to cell lysates, supernatants of infected cells were analyzed to investigate whether proteins are secreted (FIG. 18D,E). p15E (bound by 4F5) in the supernatant (FIG. 18D) was only detectable for Ad5-MelARV (Line 1) and might be due to VLPs in the supernatant. MM2-9B6 (Figure E), on the other hand, revealed that Ad5-MelARV-ISD infected cells (Line 2) released great amounts of gp70 which were detected as conjugates of different sizes (FIG. 18E). In contrast, Ad5-MelARV induced the release of a minor amount of gp70 (Line 1).

Neither of the new modified MelARV Env proteins (Line 3 and 4) showed expression of the protein in lysate, supernatant or purified VLPs despite the detectable expression on the cell surface under non-denaturing conditions.

Due to the absence of bands for the new constructs in western blot analyses, the assumption was that the synthesized protein was not able to bind to the nitrocellulose membrane. Therefore, an ELISA analysis was performed using an ELISA plate, coated with cell lysate, supernatant or VLPs (FIG. 19). As expected, Gag protein, detected by anti-p2A, was present in all samples (FIG. 19A). In contrast MelARV Env gp70 (bound by MM2-9B6) was only detected in VLPs of AD5-MelARV infected cells (Line 1) but not in cells infected with the modified MelARV viruses (FIG. 19B). A similar result was observed for p15E expression (bound by 4F5 and 19F8) (FIG. 19C,D). Ad5-MelARV (Line 1) induced high expression of the transmembrane subunit, which was successfully integrated into VLPs. For Ad5-MelARV-ISD (Line 2), on the other hand, almost no protein was detected in either of the samples. The modified vaccines (Line 3 and 4) induced the expression and VLP integration of p15E to some degree but at a much lower level than the native MelARV Env vaccine (FIG. 19C,D).

Example 9 (Comparison)

The following constructs were used to immunize balb/c mice: HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD (WT), HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD ISD #4 (Y75G), HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD ISD #19 (L70Q), HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD G19Rdb (G83K, S88F). Antibody responses were analyzed 4 weeks (d.28—FIG. 20A) and 7 weeks (d. 49—FIG. 20B) post immunization against HIV ConB gp140 WT protein. A separate group of mice immunized with both IiGP-P2A-IFNalpha4 and HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD (WT) (420B) serve as a control group for type I interferon induced responses.

The following constructs were used to immunize c57/b16 or c57/b16 IFN-g KO mice: Adenovirus encoding HIV B clade gag p2A followed by the gp140 sequence of the B clade consensus sequence (HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD) (WT) and HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD ISD #19 (L70Q). Antibody responses were determined 4 weeks post immunization (d. 26—FIG. 20C) against HIV ConB gp140 CF protein.

Example 10

The following constructs were used to immunize balb/c mice: HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD (WT), HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD ISD #4 (Y75G), HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD ISD #19 (L70Q), HIV B gag P2A ConB gp140 G/CD G19Rdb (G83K, S88F). Four months post immunization (d.114) mice were analyzed for their T cell responses against pools of peptides covering the Gag gene (MA (p17, matrix)(peptides 1-31), CA (p24, capsid)(peptides 32-89), a single pool covering p2, NC (nucleo capsid), p1, and p6 (peptides 90-124), gp120 (1) (peptides 1-62), gp120 (2) (peptides 63-124), gp41 (peptides 125-211).

Example 11

BALE/c mice are vaccinated with either MVA expressing gag, env, gag+env, gag+envISDmut as VE-VLP or adenovirus expressing gag-env or gag+envISDmut VE-VLP and combinations hereof and peptide responses are measured towards predicted MHC binding 9 amino acids long peptides with ELISPOT or intracellular cytokine staining.

Gag-env or gag+envISDmut VEVLP, in particular in adenovirus vectors, are strongly expected to outperform previously described MVA vectors in induction of T cell responses.

Example 12

BALB/c mice are vaccinated with either MVA expressing gag, env, gag+env, gag+envISDmut as VE-VLP or adenovirus expressing gag-env or gag+envISDmut VEVLP and combinations hereof and peptide responses are measured towards peptides derived from the sequence of the extracellular portion of the transmembrane domain p15E of HERV-Kcon.

Gag-env or gag+envISDmut VEVLP vectors, are expected to outperform previously described MVA vectors in induction of T cell responses.

Example 13

Animals are challenged subcutaneously with RENCA renal carcinoma cells expressing HERVcon-gag and HERVcon-env, respectively. Animals are subsequently vaccinated with either MVA expressing gag, env, gag+env, gag+envISDmut as VE-VLP or adenovirus expressing gag-env or gag+envISDmut VEVLP and combinations hereof and growth of tumor is monitored.

Tumor control is expected to be improved using VE-VLP vaccines and the gag-env VEVLP vaccines uniquely capable of controlling tumor growth in both cell lines

Example 14

Animals are challenged intravenously with RENCA renal carcinoma cells expressing HERVcon-gag and HERVcon-env respectively. Animals are subsequently vaccinated with either MVA expressing gag, env, gag+env, gag+envISDmut as VE-VLP or adenovirus expressing gag-env or gag+envISDmut VEVLP and combinations hereof and growth of tumor are monitored by vivisection and counting of metastasis 30 days post tumor challenge.

Tumor control is expected to be improved using VE-VLP vaccines and the gag-env VEVLP vaccines uniquely capable of controlling tumor growth of both cell lines

Example 15

With regard to translational work on the immunotherapy strategy described in the preceding examples, a human relevant version of the vaccine was designed using an adenovirus vector (Ad5/Ad19a) encoding for the consensus Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type K (HERV-K) envelope (Env) and group-specific antigen (Gag) proteins (Dewannieux et al. 2006), intended to lead to VLPs formation in transduced cells (Muster et al. 2003). To improve the vaccination strategy, the ISD contained in the p15E subunit of HERV-K Env protein (Morozov et al. 2013) was inactivated by a single point mutation (see FIG. 22), the selection of which was based on Morozov et al. 2012 and conservation between HERV-K and HIV (van der Kuyl 2012) (Dewannieux et al. 2005).

HERV-K Gag-p2A-EnvlSDmut had the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID No. 48):

MGQTKSKIKSKYASYLSFIKILLKRGGVKVSTKNLIKLFQI IEQFCPWFPEQGTLDLKDWKRIGKELKQAGRKGNIIPLTVW NDWAIIKAALEPFQTEEDSVSVSDAPGSCIIDCNENTRKKS QKETEGLHCEYVAEPVMAQSTQNVDYNQLQEVIYPETLKLE GKGPELVGPSESKPRGTSPLPAGQVPVTLQPQKQVKENKTQ PPVAYQYWPPAELQYRPPPESQYGYPGMPPAPQGRAPYPQP PTRRLNPTAPPSRQGSELHEIIDKSRKEGDTEAWQFPVTLE PMPPGEGAQEGEPPTVEARYKSFSIKMLKDMKEGVKQYGPN  SPYMRTLLDSIAHGHRLIPYDWEILAKSSLSPSQFLQFKTW WIDGVQEQVRRNRAANPPVNIDADQLLGIGQNWSTISQQAL MQNEAIEQVRAICLRAWEKIQDPGSTCPSFNTVRQGSKEPY  PDFVARLQDVAQKSIADEKARKVIVELMAYENANPECQSAI  KPLKGKVPAGSDVISEYVKACDGIGGAMHKAMLMAQAITGV VLGGQVRTFGGKCYNCGQIGHLKKNCPVLNKQNITIQATTT  GREPPDLCPRCKKGKHWASQCRSKFDKNGQPLSGNEQRGQP  QAPQQTGAFPIQPFVPQGFQGQQPPLSQVFQGISQLPQYNN CPPPQAAVQQGSGATNFSLLKQAGDVEENPGPMNPSEMQRK  APPRRRRHRNRAPLTHKMNKMVTSEEQMKLPSTKKAEPPTW  AQLKKLTQLATKYLENTKVTQTPESMLLAALMIVSMVVSLP MPAGAAAANYTYWAYVPFPPLIRAVTWMDNPIEVYVNDSVW VPGPIDDRCPAKPEEEGMMINISIGYRYPPICLGRAPGCLM PAVQNWLVEVPTVSPISRFTYHMVSGMSLRPRVNYLQDFSY QRSLKFRPKGKPCPKEIPKESKNTEVLVWEECVANSAVILQ NNEFGTIIDWAPRGQFYHNCSGQTQSCPSAQVSPAVDSDLT ESLDKHKHKKLQSFYPWEWGEKGISTPRPKIVSPVSGPEHP ELWRLTVASHHIRIWSGNQTLETRDRKPFYTVDLNSSLTVP LQSCVKPPYMLVVGNIVIKPDSQTITCENCRLLTCIDSTFN WQHRILLVRAREGVWIPVSMDRPWEASPSVHILTEVLKGVL NRSKRFIFTLIAVIMGLIAVTATAAVAGVALHSSVQSVNFV NDWQKNSTRLWNSQSSIDQKLANAINDLRQTVIWMGDRLMS LEHRFQLQCDWNTSDFCITPQIYNESEHHWDMVRRHLQGRE DNLTLDISKLKEQIFEASKAHLNLVPGTEAIAGVADGLANL NPVTWVKTIGSTTIINLILILVCLFCLLLVCRCTQQLRRDS DHRERAMMTMAVLSKRKGGNVGKSKRDQIVTVSV*

These vaccines were tested for immunogenicity in BALB/c, C57BL/6 and CD1 mice and challenged with murine renal carcinoma (Renca or RLZ) cells expressing the HERV-K Env target protein in BALB/c mice, in order to study their efficiency as measured by mice survival curves. The immune responses were evaluated for their capacity of inducing cellular and humoral responses, tested for the presence of INFγ+CD8+ T cells (by FACS analysis), as well as specific antibodies (detected by ELISA) against HERV-K Env target-protein in mice immunized with DNA/Adv-HERV-K WT/ISD vaccines and boosted with MVA Env.

The Ad19-HERV-K WT vaccine and its improved version containing an ISD mutation were tested and compared for their capacity of inducing expression of the VLPs formed by Gag_p2A_Env HERV-K Adv-encoded proteins. Pre-existing immunity in humans that lead to neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that block the immune response can be a drawback of using Ad5 vectors. Moreover, Ad19 vectors are known for being more successful at transducing different kind of cells (Kiener et al. 2018). Therefore, the usage of different adenoviral vectors (Ad19 vs Ad5) was also analysed and compared.

For the purpose of analysing the functionality of the novel strategy, the vaccines were analysed for induction of HERV-K Gag and Env target proteins. Therefore, VLP production and secretion was tested in VERO and A549 cell lines transfected with different virus-based vaccines containing different sequences of interest (see FIG. 23). Supernatants (SN) and cell lysates from the aforementioned transfected cell lines were tested for the presence of HERV-K Gag and Env proteins by Western Blot (WB). HERM-1811-5 and HERM-1821-5, monoclonal antibodies against p15E (TM) and gp70 (SU), were specifically used to detect HERV-K Env domains, whereas a polyclonal rabbit anti-p2A antibody was used to detect Gag protein linked to p2A. HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies were employed for detection.

WB results indicated the presence of HERV-K Gag_p2A protein, as well as HERV-K Env protein in both SN and cell lysates of Ad19 HERV-K WT/ISDmut transfected VERO and A549 cells. The higher expression of both Gag and Env proteins derived from Ad19 HERV-K ISDmut transfected cells (showed in rows 2 and 8 of FIG. 23), suggests an enhanced functionality and greater potential of the modified prototype vaccine, when compared to the Ad19 HERV-K WT and Ad5 HERV-K Env vaccines. Moreover, the absence of Gag and Env proteins in the SN of Ad19HERV-K-transfected VERO cells could be explained due to the low concentration of protein obtained after VLP purification of the corresponding sample.

To further validate the expression of the HERV-K Env target protein, A549 cells were transfected with VLP-encoded adenovirus vaccines (see FIG. 24). 48 h post-infection, the cells were incubated with primary anti-HERV-K Env antibodies (HERM-1811) and subsequently labelled with a goat anti-mouse IgG APC secondary antibody with and without prior fixation and permeabilization. The intracellular and extracellular fluorescence of the bound antibodies and therefore the expression of HERV-K Env inside and outside the infected cells was analysed by FACS. The results suggested a better transfection efficiency when using an Ad19 vector compared to an Ad5, since although both encoded for the same target protein, a higher signal was detected when using Ad19. When comparing Ad19_HERVK WT and ISDmut vaccines, a greater cell surface signal and similar intracellular signal was detected from the Ad19_HERV-K_ISDmut-transfected cells, which indicates an improved cell surface sorting of the mutated sequence.

To visually confirm the generation of the structural protein Gag and the following release of Env HERV-K, A549 cells were infected with 50 MOI of Ad19 HERV-K_ISDmut and fixed at 24 h and h post-infection. Budding and secreted VLPs were then detected by electron microscopy (see FIG. 29) indicating that the vaccines were fully capable of expressing HERV-K Gag and Env target protein, which were incorporated into the secreted VLPs.

Example 16

To test the T cell response induced by the Ad19 HERV-K WT/ISDmut vaccines, T lymphocytes response against P-HKE (10mer peptide of HERV-K Env with sequence TYHMVSGMSL) in BALB/c mice was analysed. Since P-HKE is an MHC class I restricted epitope, the activation of CD8+ T cells and, thus, the secretion of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) cytokines after peptide stimulation in BALE/c mice was measured by intracellular staining (ICS) of cytokines using FACS.

BALE/c mice were primed with various vaccines consisting of different vectors (Ad5/Ad19/MVA) encoding for HERV-K proteins. Following that, half of them received an MVA Env boost to test if the cellular response elicited by the first immunization regimen could be increased. Mice were euthanized 10 days after the MVA boost, and their splenocytes were analyzed by FACS upon P-HKE stimulation (see FIG. 25). The groups receiving Ad19_HERV-K_WT/ISDmut vaccines showed a higher number of specific CD8+ T cells secreting INFy, in both boosted (MVA-Env) and non-boosted (Ø) regimens. Moreover, the cellular responses elicited by all adv-vaccines seem to increase after an MVA boost regimen. This boost seem to accentuate the differences between the employed vaccines, especially when studying the ratio of IFNγ/TNFα CD8+ T cells, with a significant superior percentage in the group of mice that received the improved adv-vaccine (Ad19_HERV-K_ISDmut). This suggested that the Ad19 vector encoding for the sequence of interest was the most suitable for inducing relevant CD8+ T cell responses in prime-boost regimens, when compared to Ad5 and MVA vectors. Additionally, the results suggested that the MVA vector could be used in boost regimens to increase the cytotoxic T cell response against the HERV-K Env target protein. These outcomes together indicated a particularly efficient vaccination design that raised IFNγ+CD8+ T cell specific responses against HERV-K Env expressing tumor cells, would consist of an immunization with an Ad19 vector, preferably encoding for HERV-KGagp2A_Env-ISDmut proteins, and on a boost regimen with an MVA vector encoding for HERV-KEnv protein.

Example 17

To test and compare the efficacy of the vaccines, mice were challenged and subsequently vaccinated, and their survival, which correlated with tumor progression, was rated (see FIG. 26). For this experiment, BALE/c mice were intravenously challenged with RENCA cells expressing HERV-K Env. 10 days after the tumor challenge, mice were vaccinated with MVA Env, Ad19_HERV-K WT/ISDmut, and an irrelevant vaccine as a control. The experiment was based upon (Kraus et al., 2013 PLoS One. August 30; 8(8):e72756) with the intention to score metastatic tumor burden at 40 days post injection, but the animals were longitudinally weighed and if any physical, behavioral or physiological changes were observed in the animals, or a weight loss greater than 10%, mice were euthanized. Once the mice were killed, the lungs were harvested and stored in 4% PFA to be further analyzed for presence of metastasis. Notably, all animals sacrificed due to weight loss had substantial gross tumor burden. Unexpectedly, significant mortality was recorded during the execution of the experiment and a survival curve was established and compared between the different groups. This indicated a faster progression of the RENCA-HERV-K tumors compared to what has previously been reported. Under this rather stringent tumor challenge model, mice receiving the Ad19HERV-K ISDmut vaccine showed significant increase in their life expectancy when compared to the control. Three different statistical tests (Log-rank, Wilcoxon, and Tarone-Ware) showed significant p-values (0.037, 0.046 and 0.040). This suggested that the Ad19_HERV-K_ISDmut vaccine delayed lung tumor progression and metastasis in BALB/c mice in agreement with the aforementioned results showing increased antibody and CD8+ T cell responses. None of the other vaccines extended the survival time.

Example 18

To further corroborate the findings also in a human system, tissue samples were obtained from a human mammary tumor. They were sliced at 4 μm and stained with 1:1000 diluted primary antibodies obtained from non-immunized mice (pre-bleed serum), Ad5_HERV-K_Env primed mice boosted with Ad19_HERV-K_ISD (8 w later) and MVA_Env (2 m later) vaccination regimens. As shown in FIG. 28 HERV-K antibodies from vaccinated mice are able to stain cancer tissue expressing the HERV-K target protein.

The various aspects and implementations have been described in conjunction with various embodiments herein. However, other variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed subject-matter, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure, and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measured cannot be used to advantage. A computer program may be stored/distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems.

The reference signs used in the claims shall not be construed as limiting the scope.

Sequences are disclosed in the main body of the description and in a separate sequence listing according to WIPO standard ST.25. A SEQ ID specified with a specific number should be the same in the main body of the description and in the separate sequence listing. By way of example SEQ ID no.: 1 should define the same sequence in both, the main body of the description and in the separate sequence listing. Should there be a discrepancy between a sequence definition in the main body of the description and the separate sequence listing (if e.g. SEQ ID no.: 1 in the main body of the description erroneously corresponds to SEQ ID no.: 2 in the separate sequence listing) then a reference to a specific sequence in the application, in particular of specific embodiments, is to be understood as a reference to the sequence in the main body of the application and not to the separate sequence listing. In other words a discrepancy between a sequence definition/designation in the main body of the description and the separate sequence listing is to be resolved by correcting the separate sequence listing to the sequences and their designation disclosed in the main body of the application which includes the description, examples, figures and claims. 

1.-16. (canceled)
 17. A nucleic acid molecule, wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) envelope protein or an immunogenic part thereof, wherein the ERV envelope protein or the immunogenic part thereof comprises an immunosuppressive domain (ISD), wherein the ISD comprises mutations that render the ISD inactive.
 18. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 17, wherein the ISD has a peptide sequence according to SEQ ID No.1, SEQ ID No.2, SEQ ID No.3, SEQ ID No.4, SEQ ID No.5, SEQ ID No.6, SEQ ID No.49, or a peptide sequence that has at least one amino acid difference(s) with SEQ ID No.1, SEQ ID No.2, SEQ ID No.3, SEQ ID No.4, SEQ ID No.5, SEQ ID No.6, or SEQ ID No.49.
 19. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 17, wherein at least one of the amino acids in a region of 10 amino acids upstream or downstream of the ISD is exchanged with a different amino acid.
 20. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 17, wherein the ERV envelope protein is a human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) protein or an immunogenic part thereof, wherein said HERV is selected from the group consisting of HERV-K, HERV-H, HERV-W, HERV-FRD, and HERV-E, and wherein the HERV-K is selected among the group consisting of HERV-K108 (ERVK-6), ERVK-19, HERV-K115 (ERVK-8), ERVK-9, HERV-K113, ERVK-21, ERVK-25, HERV-K102 (ERVK-7), HERV-K101 (ERVK-24), and HERV-K110 (ERVK-18); HERV-H is selected from the group consisting of HERV-H19 (HERV-H 2q24.3), and HERV-H_2q24.1; HERV-W is ERVW-1 (Syncytin-1); and HERV-FRD is ERVFRD-1 (Syncytin-2).
 21. An adenoviral vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule of claim 17, wherein the adenoviral vector comprises a human adenovirus serotype, a chimpanzee adenovirus serotype, or a gorilla adenovirus serotype.
 22. The adenoviral vector of claim 21, wherein the human adenovirus serotype comprises D group vectors, human adenovirus serotype Ad5, human adenovirus serotype Ad19a, or human adenovirus serotype Ad26, and wherein the chimpanzee adenovirus serotype comprises serotype 5 (Ad5) or adenovirus, serotype 19 (Ad19).
 23. The adenoviral vector of claim 21, wherein the adenoviral vector encodes a virus-like particle (VLP), wherein said VLP displaying an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) envelope protein or an immunogenic part thereof with an inactive immune-suppressive domain (ISD).
 24. The adenoviral vector of claim 21, wherein protein products from the adenovirus vector comprises a gag protein, a 2A peptide, an envelope protein (Env), and/or a signal peptide; wherein the Env protein comprises a Surface Unit (gp70), a cleavage site, a transmembrane unit (p15E), wherein the transmembrane unit (p15E) comprises a fusion peptide, a transmembrane anchor, and a cytoplasmatic tail, wherein p15E or an immunogenic part thereof is coupled to the adenoviral capsid protein pIX.
 25. The adenoviral vector of claim 24, wherein the signal peptide coded for by the adenoviral vector is exchanged with a signal peptide from Gaussia luciferase (LucSP), and/or wherein the transmembrane anchor and the cytoplasmatic tail coded for by the adenoviral vector are exchanged with the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail from Influenza A virus Hemagglutinin H3N2 (HA-TMCT).
 26. A virus-like particle (VLP) encoded for by the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 17. 27. The VLP of claim 26, wherein the ERV envelope protein is HERV-K.
 28. A method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of a cancer in a patient, wherein the method comprises administering to the patient one or more of the following: the nucleic acid molecule according to claim 17; a protein encoded for by the nucleic acid molecule; an adenoviral vector comprising the nucleic acid molecule; a virus-like particle (VLP) encoded for by the nucleic acid molecule; and/or a vaccine comprising the nucleic acid, the protein, the adenoviral vector, or the VLP.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the method comprises priming the subject by administering an adenoviral vector at least 5 days before boosting the subject by administering the vaccine.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the adenoviral vector encodes a virus-like particle (VLP), said VLP displaying an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) envelope protein or an immunogenic part thereof with an inactive immune-suppressive domain (ISD).
 31. The method of claim 30, further comprising the step of post treating the patient 5 days or more after the exposure of the patient for the vaccine with a virus encoded VLP different from the VLP derived from the adenoviral vector, wherein the virus encoded VLP different from the VLP derived from the adenoviral vector is a VLP derived from Modified Vaccina Ankara (MVA).
 32. The method of claim 28, wherein the cancer is an ERV-expressing cancer, a prostate cancer, a breast cancer, an ovarian cancer, a lymphoma, a melanoma, a leukemia, a sarcoma, a colorectal cancer, a testicular cancer, a lung cancer, or a liver cancer.
 33. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a Gag protein and an ERV envelope protein (Env) or an immunogenic part thereof, wherein the native genomic structure connecting Gag and the Env has been replaced by an operative linker.
 34. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 33, wherein the operative linker is p2A.
 35. A method of treatment and/or prophylaxis of a cancer in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering: a nucleic acid molecule according to claim 33; or a virus-like particle (VLP) encoded for by the nucleic acid molecule.
 36. A virus-like particle (VLP) encoded for by the nucleic acid molecule of claim
 33. 37. The nucleic acid molecule according to claim 33, wherein the Env is a HERV-K. 